助动词专题(二):have的助动词用法
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
(1)表达完成时态
  句型 have (has, had1) +p.p. …
  句型 can (could2), …have + p.p.
  例:He can’t have said3 such4 a foolish5 word.
  (他不像是会说了这样傻的话。)
 
  解说:本例句是在表达对过去的推想。

  (2)“have”的惯用句式
  句型 had better +V…
  例:You had better go and tell her everything.
  (你最好去向她把事情全盘地说明白。)

  解说 有些文法学家把本句式的“had better”称为半助动词(Semiauxiliary verb),因为“had better”之后接原形动词,其本身所表现的功能很像是一个助动词。“had better”不可分开使用,“had”亦非过去形式。实际上“had better”所指的时间性是现在或将来,若是指过去则用“had better + have +p.p.”。本句式绝无“have/has better +V”的形式,宜注意。

  本句式是用于表达建议或劝告,言外之意是“若不这样做就不好或会有不良后果”。
  例:You had better take an umbrella.
  (If you don’t, it may rain and you’ll get wet.)

  本句式也可用于第三人称。
  例:He had better stop smoking6.
  (他最好把烟戒掉。)
  
  “had better + V”的否定是把“not”置于“better”之后,例如:
  例:You had better not borrow7 money from your friend’s wife8.
  (你最好不要向朋友的太太借钱。)

  本句式的“had”因发轻音,有时甚至轻到几乎不发音,所以也就常被省略。
  例:You had better take an umbrella with you.
  =You’d better take an umbrella with you.
  =You better take an umbrella with you.
  =Better take an umbrella with you.
  (你最好带一把雨伞去吧。)

  “had better”可用“had best”来加强语气。
  例:We had best hurry, or we’ll miss the train.
  (我们最好快一点,不然就赶不上火车了。) 

  本句式通常不用在疑问句,不过可以使用于附加疑问。
  例:We’d better get on with the work, hadn’t we?
  (我们最好把工作赶一下,怎样?)

  (3)“have”表达义务
  句型 have/has/had to + V… 

  “have to + V”所表达的意思与“must + V”几乎相同,因此也有文法学家把“have to”称为半助动词。 
  例:I have to go to help her every Saturday. 
  (每星期六我得去帮她的忙。)
  例:You have to take care9 of your sisters. It’s your duty10
  (你应该照顾你的妹妹,这是你的责任。)

  解说 英式口语常用“have got11”的表达法,实际上口语的“have got”是等于“have”,没有完成时的意思。
  例:I have got to clean the blackboard before the teacher comes.
(我必须在老师来之前把黑板清理好。)
 
  “have (got) to + V”的否定句和疑问句都使用“do”来造成。
  例:Did you have to tell her everything?
  (你真的必须把每一件事都向她说吗?)
  例:You didn’t have to tell her, did12 you?
  (你本来就没有必要向她说的,对不对?)

  “have (got) to + V”与“must + V”的区别:这两者,英、美人通常都不很在意地随便在使用,不过在讲究的语法中通常是,表达来自说话者本身的“需要或必须”时使用“must + V”,表达非来自说话者本身的“需要或必须”时则使用“have (got) to + V”。
  例:I must go to bed now; I am very tired. 
  (我很疲倦了,我必须上床去睡。)
  例:I’ve got to go now; my wife will be waiting for me.
  (我必须走了,因为我的太太会在等着我。)


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1 had FeBxb     
vbl.have的过去式和过去分词;conj.有
参考例句:
  • I just had a good idea!我有个好主意!
  • The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。
2 could lzvxe     
v.能,可能(can的过去式);aux.v.(can的过去式)能;可以
参考例句:
  • Could I open the window?我可以打开窗子吗?
  • I could wait ten minutes.我可以等十分钟。
3 said IYtxh     
v.动词say的过去式、过去分词
参考例句:
  • He said to me that he could not come.他对我说他不能来。
  • He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。
4 such psww9     
adj.如此的,这样的;pron.这样的;adv.如此地
参考例句:
  • He is such a man.他是这样一个人。
  • He spent all his money,he is such a fool.他这样傻,花光了所有的钱。
5 foolish BgnzN     
adj.愚蠢的,傻的;荒谬的,可笑的
参考例句:
  • The foolish boy was laughed at wherever he went.这个愚蠢的男孩不论走到哪里都受到讥笑。
  • Don't worry me with such foolish questions.不要用这些愚蠢的问题来烦我。
6 smoking NilzKh     
n.吸烟,抽烟;冒烟
参考例句:
  • He was wise to give up smoking.他戒烟是明智的。
  • He has decided to cut out smoking and drinking.他已决心戒烟、戒酒。
7 borrow LRLyI     
vt.借,借入,借用;vi.借
参考例句:
  • Can I borrow two books at a time?我可以一次借两本书吗?
  • You can borrow this dictionary from the library.你可以从图书馆借到这本字典。
8 wife IgdwQ     
n.妻子,太太,老婆
参考例句:
  • She is my wife.她是我妻子。
  • He is a tall man but his wife is a short woman.他是个子很高的男人,但他妻子很矮。
9 care FTYyC     
n.小心,照料,忧虑;v.关心,照顾,喜爱,介意
参考例句:
  • I really care about the students in my class.我的确喜欢这个班上的学生。
  • Her work is to take care of the children.她的工作是照料好孩子。
10 duty drqx1     
n.职责;责任
参考例句:
  • Our duty is helping them.我们的责任就是帮助他们。
  • It is a simple duty.它是一个简单的职责。
11 got wfuxi     
v.(get的过去式)得到,猜到,明白
参考例句:
  • I just got some bad news.我刚得到一些坏消息。
  • I have got far too much work to do.我要做的事太多了。
12 did SvwxP     
v.动词do的过去式
参考例句:
  • How many goals did you score in the last game?上一场比赛你们进了几个球?
  • Why did you choose basketball in the first place?你为何首先选择篮球呢?
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