英语时态的用法之四
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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
现在完成时的用法
 
1)表示动作已经完成,但后果或影响仍在。常与already1, just, yet2等副词连用。
I have just read your letter.我刚刚读完你的信。
He has already come back.他已经回来了.
 
(2)表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。常与forsince3引导的一段时间状语连用。
He has lived here for three years.他在此住了两年了。
I have been here since 1976.自从1976年我就一直在这里。
     ①.for后通常跟一个时间段,而since后只能跟一个具体的时间点。
如:for two weeks持续两周时间;since Monday自从周一
     ②.现在完成时的肯定句,其谓语动词如果是瞬间动词,如come, go, begin, join等,则不可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:他到此两周了:He has arrived here for two weeks.(×)
此时需转换表达方式:
①用ago代替for,并改为一般过去时
②用延续性动词代替瞬间动词
③用It is/It has beensince…句型,如:
  He arrived here two weeks ago.
  He has been here for two weeks.
  It is/It has been two weeks since he arrived here.
当瞬间动词用于否定句时,则可以与时间段连用。
如:I havent gone there for six years.我六年没去那儿。
 
3)表示过去发生过一次或多次的动作已成为某种经验。
I have been to Paris twice4.我去过巴黎两次。
Its one of the most interesting films Ive ever5 seen6.它是我看过的最有趣的电影之一。
比较have been tohave gone to
have been to表示“去过某地”,现在已回来了,可以与ever twice等词连用。如:
 I have ever been to London.我曾去过伦敦。
have gone to表示“去某地了”现在尚未回来,不能与ever, twice等词连用。
 He has gone to London.他去伦敦了。
 
  现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
 
二者都表示“动作已经发生”,区别在于:
    (1)现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系,即对现在产生的结果、影响等,而一般过去时只表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的关系。
He has learned7 French8 for three years.他学法语已三年了。
He learned French for three years.他曾学过三年法语。
Who has taken my bag? I couldn't find it. 谁拿走了我的包?我找不着了!
He cleaned the house yesterday. 他昨天打扫过房间。
The room is clean, for he has cleaned it already. 房间很干净,因为他已经打扫过了。
 
    (2)现在完成时不可与表示过去的时间副词连用,而一般过去时则可以。
 He has done some washing11 yesterday. F
He did12 some washing yesterday. T       
他昨天洗衣服了。  
 
 过去完成时的用法
与现在完成的用法相同,只不过作为衡量基准点的时间点不同,现在完成时以现在作为衡量的基准点,而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。
1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”,常by, before引导的时间状语连用。
如:By the time he was10 ten, Edison had13 built14 a lab15 for himself16
到爱迪生10岁时,他已给自己建了一个实验室。
He had measured17 me before I could9 get in a word.我还没说话,他已把衣服量完了。
We had scarcely18 reached19 the school before it began to rain.
  我们刚到学校天就下雨了。
 
2)表示由过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与forsince引导的时间状语相连用。
She said20 she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她说她已在那所医院工作20年了。
He said he had taught21 in the university22 since 1957.他说自从1957年他就在这所大学任教。

      (
3)叙述过去发生的事情后,反过来又追叙或补述更早以前发生的动作时,常用过去完成时。
I knew nothing about this matter, for I had been away for six month.
对于此事我一无所知,因为我已离开6个月了。
 Some people ran23 into the street. They had heard a loud noise.
有些人跑上了街,他们听到很响的嘈杂声。  


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 already wLByk     
adv.已经
参考例句:
  • We have eaten already.我们已经吃过了。
  • I've been there already,so I don't want to go again.我早已去过那里了,所以我不想再去了。
2 yet TVOzu     
adv.还,仍然,即刻;conj.尽管,然而
参考例句:
  • I am not ready yet.我还没有准备好。
  • Beautiful as she is,she didn't find a boyfriend yet.尽管她很漂亮,但还没找到男朋友呢。
3 since syswX     
adv.后来;conj.既然,因为,自从;prep.自从
参考例句:
  • He's been working in a bank since leaving school.自从毕业后,他就一直在一家银行工作。
  • I have known him ever since I was a child.我自孩提时代起就已经认识他了。
4 twice ClIwt     
adv.两次;两倍
参考例句:
  • Bob phoned twice today.鲍勃今天打了两次电话。
  • I woke up twice in the night.我夜里醒过两次。
5 ever ZijzR     
adv.曾经;永远;不断地;在任何时候;究竟
参考例句:
  • Have you ever been to hangzhou?你曾经去过杭州吗?
  • I will be young and strong and beautiful for ever.我将永远年轻、强壮,永远漂亮。
6 seen ujyzZX     
vbl.(see的过去分词)看见
参考例句:
  • Since I left college, I have not seen him.自从我离开大学以后,就没有见过他了。
  • I hope to have seen the film next week.我希望下星期能看到这部电影。
7 learned m1oxn     
adj.有学问的,博学的;learn的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • He went into a rage when he learned about it.他听到这事后勃然大怒。
  • In this little village,he passed for a learned man.在这个小村子里,他被视为有学问的人。
8 French EiLxQ     
adj.法国(人)的,法语的;n.法语;vt.剁肉,蔬菜切成长条
参考例句:
  • She reads French quite well,but doesn't speak it.她法语的阅读能力相当强,但不会讲。
  • The only French city she enjoyed was Paris.巴黎是她惟一喜欢的法国城市。
9 could lzvxe     
v.能,可能(can的过去式);aux.v.(can的过去式)能;可以
参考例句:
  • Could I open the window?我可以打开窗子吗?
  • I could wait ten minutes.我可以等十分钟。
10 was bglwv     
v.(is,am的过去式)是,在
参考例句:
  • He said he was right.他说他是正确的。
  • He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿。
11 washing IeKzjA     
n.洗,洗涤,洗衣,洗脸,洗澡,冲洗,冲刷
参考例句:
  • A washing machine is run by a small electric motor.洗衣机由一台小电动机驱动。
  • She hung the washing on the line to dry.她把洗好的衣服晾在绳子上。
12 did SvwxP     
v.动词do的过去式
参考例句:
  • How many goals did you score in the last game?上一场比赛你们进了几个球?
  • Why did you choose basketball in the first place?你为何首先选择篮球呢?
13 had FeBxb     
vbl.have的过去式和过去分词;conj.有
参考例句:
  • I just had a good idea!我有个好主意!
  • The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。
14 built XS6y2     
v.build的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • My father built his business on years of hard work.我父亲多年奋斗创立了自己的事业。
  • Ten years later,the school built out two buildings.10年后这个学校又增建了两栋建筑。
15 lab U2Yxf     
n.实验室
参考例句:
  • Who is in the lab this morning?今天早上谁在实验室?
  • We usually have Science in the science lab.我们通常在科学实验室里上科学课。
16 himself qdRxV     
pron.他自己
参考例句:
  • He is proud of himself.他为自己感到自豪。
  • He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。
17 measured 3odzBp     
adj.仔细斟酌的,慎重的;缓慢而又有节奏的v.量( measure的过去式和过去分词 );测量;衡量;量出
参考例句:
  • The storm measured 10 on the Beaufort scale . 这次风暴按蒲福风级测量为10级。
  • He delivered his words in slow, measured cadences. 他讲话缓慢而抑扬顿挫、把握有度。
18 scarcely Vj6zJq     
adv.几乎不,简直没有,勉强
参考例句:
  • He found the dullness of his work scarcely bearable.他觉得他的工作枯燥乏味,简直无法忍受。
  • She scarcely earns enough money to make ends meet.她几乎挣不到足够的钱以维持开支。
19 reached f910ff3a8628ebda9c67ed678703fd7d     
v.到达( reach的过去式和过去分词 );联络;伸出手臂,延伸
参考例句:
  • An amicable settlement was reached. 已达成和解。
  • After much hard bargaining we reached an agreement. 经过一番艰难的讨价还价,我们达成了协议。
20 said IYtxh     
v.动词say的过去式、过去分词
参考例句:
  • He said to me that he could not come.他对我说他不能来。
  • He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。
21 taught Sq2wK     
v.teach的过去式过去分词
参考例句:
  • Children must be taught to be careful of traffic.必须教育孩子要当心车辆。
  • Miss Brown taught my daughter last year.去年是布朗小姐教我女儿的。
22 university TktwV     
n.大学
参考例句:
  • She teaches English at the University of Wales.她在威尔士大学教英语。
  • I'm going to enter a university.我要上大学。
23 ran lTxxe     
vbl.run的过去式
参考例句:
  • He ran,and then slowed down to a walk.他跑着,然后放慢速度步行。
  • As soon as Marie opened the door,the dog ran in.当玛丽一打开门,狗就跑了进来。
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