五、 现在完成时

　　现在完成时由have的人称形式加过去分词构成。他的肯定、否定及疑问形式如下：

　　i have read it.

　　i have not read it.

　　have you read it?

　　现在完成时表示现刻以前发生的动作或情况，可以是：

　　1. 到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况（可能时多次动作的总和，也可表示状态和习惯性动作）：

　　we have opened up 200 mu of land this year.

　　how many pages have you covered today?

　　i haven’t seen him for many days.

　　2. 对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作：

　　the delegation¹ has already left.

　　i have seen the film many times.

　　the city has taken on a new look.

　　注： 这个时态有时还可以表示过去曾发生过一次或多次的情况，也可以说是一种经历：

　　all our children have had measles².

　　man’s hairs have grown white in a single might.

　　he says that he has seen a meteor at some time.

　　这个时态的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是讲迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是讲一个影响现状的动作，这样它不是从时间上就是从后果上和现在联系起来。根据这个特点我们可以判断什么时候用一般过去时，什么时候用现在完成时：

　　1. 当有一个表示过去某时的状语（包括when）时，不能用现在完成时：

　　i saw her a minute ago.

　　just now xiao lin came to see you.

　　when did you get to know it?

　　2.当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，多用现在完成时：

　　up till now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees.

　　we haven’t had any physical³ training classes this week.

　　he has learned⁴ a good deal since he came here.

　　3.在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never这类副词作状语时，常可用现在完成时：

　　this is the second game. they ’ve already won a game.

　　have you got the plan ready yet? –no, not yet.

　　i’ve just received a money order.

　　4.在单独谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时，如果谈一件已经发生的事，不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑对现在的影响，多用现在完成时：

　　did you get up very early?

　　has he got up?

　　what did you have for lunch?

　　have you had lunch?

　　i got the news from xiao yu.

　　i’ve got no news from him.

　　注： 有since引起的状语时，主要谓语通常用完成时态：

　　we met in 1972,and have been good friends ever since (then).

　　it has rained a great deal since you left.

　　we haven’t seen each other again since them (since we parted in 1952). 但在表示时间长度时可用一般现在时。

　　l 在使用一个表示状态的动词（如be, seem等）作谓语时，间或也可用现在时态：

　　it’s ok since i fixed⁵ it.

　　it seems a long time since i was here.

　　i’m getting interested in china since you came here. 间或用过去时，特别时在口语中。

　　i lost ten pounds since i started swimming.

　　在since引起的状语从句中，通常用一般过去时。但间或可用现在完成时：

　　i haven’t seen him since i have been back.

　　since i have known⁶ her, she has been fond⁷ of sports.

　　有时同样一句汉语，由于使用场合不用，译成英语时可能需要不同时态：

　　has xiao yang come?

　　did xiao yang come?

　　how many people have gone to the factory?

　　how many people went to the factory?

　　we haven’t invited him.

　　we didn’t invite him.

　　有时同样一个动作，也随着说话的意图不同而用不同时态表示：

　　has he gone to town? how did he go there? 后一句谈动作本身，与现在无联系。

　　have you had your lunch? where did you have it？ 你吃中午饭了吗？在那吃的？

　　has she left? why did she leave so early?

　　某些动词的现在完成时刻表示一直持续到现在的状态：

　　how have you been (recently)?

　　the conference⁸ has lasted five days.

　　we’ve known each other since we were children.

　　特别是动词be，是常常这样用的：

　　he’s been back for three days. （不能用has come back）

　　she has been a teacher for ten years. (不能说has become)

　　he has been in college for a year. (不能说has entered)

　　由于come, become, enter和get up 等动词都只代表一个短暂的动作，不能代表一个延续的状态，这是需要用be来表示延续的状态：

　　另外有少数动词（主要是work, study, teach, live等）可用于现在完成时表示一直持续到现在的一个动作：

　　how long have you worked here？

　　she has taught english for many years.

　　we’ve lived here for quite a few years.

　　但大多数动词不宜这样用，而需用现在完成进行时。

　　注：have been (to)长可用来表示“到过某地”或“刚去做过某事”

　　have you ever been to xi’an?

　　xiao liu has just been here.

　　we’ve been here(there)many times.

　　l 现在完成时还可用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时业已完成的动作：

　　i’ll go and see the exhibition as soon as i have got the recorder fixed.

　　we’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then

　　i will gibe⁹ my opinion when i have read the book through.

　　这利用“现在完成时”时表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成。如果两个动词同时发生，或几乎同时发生，（也就是说一个动作紧接着另一个动作），一般就不用这个时态：

　　i’ll let you know as soon as i hear from her.

　　she’ll write you when she gets there.

　　在这样的情况下（特别是当我们用的是get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return 等代表迅即完成的动作的动词时），多用一般现在时。有时两种时态都可以用：

　　we’ll leave as soon as it stops(has stopped) raining.

　　i’ll tell him after you leave (have left).

　　注：have got 形式上时现在完成时，却和have时同一个意思：

　　she has got (=has) a slight¹⁰ temperature.

　　have you got (=do you have) any sisters?

　　另外，现在有一种倾向，特别是在美国，在随便谈话时，常用一般过去时代替现在完成时：

　　i saw it already (=i have seen it already).

　　did you return the records yet （=have you returned the records yet）？

　　i just come back (=i’ve just come back).

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