1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前　 那时　现在　　　　　　

2） 用法
　a.　在told, said², knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
　　 She said (that) she had¹ never been to Paris.
　b. 状语从句
　　 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
　　 When the police⁴ arrived, the thieves⁵ had run away.
　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect⁷, think, intend⁸, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
　　 We had hoped⁹ that you would¹⁰ come, but you didn't.

3)　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until¹¹ , when, after, once, as¹² soon as。
　 He said that he had learned¹³ some English before.
　 By the time he was¹⁴ twelve, Edison had began to make a living¹⁵ by himself¹⁶.
　Tom was disappointed¹⁷ that most of the guests¹⁸ had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例题　
　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　
A. had written, left　B，were writing¹⁹, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left
　 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。

注意：　had no … when　　　　　还没等…… 就……
　　　　had no sooner… than　　刚…… 就……
　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold²⁰ it.

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