1

Running a fever was once thought to be the prerogative¹ of warmblooded creatures, whose internal temperatures are indpendent of the weather. But, as Matthew Kluger reported in “The Importance of Being Feverish²” (January 1976), lizards³ can also develop fevers, even though there is no question that they are coldblooded. They raise their temperatures by moving into the sun or, in the case of Klugers experiments, under a sun lamp. And it seems to do them some good. Sick lizards kept in cages at feverish temperatures fare much better than their counterparts in normal and cool environments.

?Now, fever has spread to invertebrates⁴(无脊椎动物). Recent studies have shown that crayfish and scorpions⁵ can develop fevers. Crayfish injected with bacteria and scorpions injected with prostaglandins(前列腺素) swam and scuttled⁶ to hot areas. (Prostaglandins are hormones⁷ thought to be instrumental in the development of a fever.)

?Evidence is also mounting that moderate fevers have their benefits, which might explain why the fever process is so widespread. Leukocytes, white blood cells that are active in fighting bacterial⁸ infections, are more mobile at febrile temperatures. And fevers reduce the amount of iron available to bacteria. That reduction, combined with high temperatures, has been shown to inhibit⁹ bacterial growth.



1. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage??

A. Coldblooded animals can develop fevers.?

B. There are benefits to developing fevers.?

C. Fevers inhibit bacterial growth.?

D. Lizards can develop fevers.?



2. Fevers cause ____.?

A. prostaglandins to be formed?

B. iron to be made available to bacteria?

C. leukocytes to be more mobile?

D. lizards to be coldblooded animals?



3. Which of the following statements is true??

A. Developing fever is the privilege of warm?blooded animals, so sick lizards can not run a fever.?

B. Invertebrates also have the ability to raise their temperature.?

C. The internal temperatures of warm?blooded creatures are independent of the weather, so are the coldblooded animal.?

D. Sick lizards move into the sun to develop fever.?



4. The passage implies that ____.?

A. the fever process is widespread because moderate fevers have benefits?

B. the reduction of fevers can inhibit bacterial growth?

C. man can use sun lamp to raise lizards temperature?

D. Crayfish injected with bacteria have a purpose for moving to hot areas?



5. Scorpions injected with prostaglandins move to hot areas to ____.?

A. engage in greater activity?

B. seek out a more?iron environment?

C. demonstrate that they are ill?

D. develop a fever and fight bacterial infections?

?



2

In the Caucasus region of the Soviet¹⁰ Union, nearly 50 out of every 100,000 people live to celebrate their 100th birthday, and many dont stop at 100. By comparison, in America only 3 people in 100,000 reach 100. But these Soviet old people arent alone. The Pakistani Hunzas, who live high in the Himalaya Mountains, and the Vilcabambans of the Andes Mountains in Ecuador seem to share the secret of long life too.

?These peoples remain healthy in body and spirit despite the passage of time. While many older persons in industrial societies become weak and ill in their 60s and 70s, some Soviet Georgians, aged¹¹ 110 to 140, work in the fields beside their great great?grandchildren. Even the idea of aging is foreign to them. When asked, “At what age does youth end?” most of these old people had no answer. Several replied, “Well, perhaps at age 80.” The very youngest estimate was age 60.?

What accounts for this ability to survive to such old age, and to survive so well? First of all, hard physical work is a way of life for all of these long lived peoples. They begin their long days of physical labor¹² as children and never seem to stop. For example, Mr. Rustam Mamedov is 142 years of age. He remembers his life experiences: the Crimean War of 1854; the Turkish War of 1878; the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. His wife is 116 years old. They have been married for 90 years. Mr. Mamedov has no intentions of retiring from his life as a farmer. “Why? What else would I do?” he asks. Oh, hes slowed down a bit. Now he might quit for the day after 6 hours in the field instead of 10.

All these people get healthful rewards from the environment in which they work. They all come from mountainous regions. They live and work at elevations¹³ of 5,000 to 12,000 feet (1,660 to 4,000 meters) above sea level. The air has less oxygen and is pollution?free. This reduced?oxygen environment makes the heart and blood vessel¹⁴ system stronger.?

Another factor that may contribute to the good health of these people is their isolation¹⁵. To a great extent, they are separated from the pressures and worries of industrial society.?

Inherited factors also play some role. Most of the longest?lived peoples had parents and grand?parents who also reached very old ages. Good family genes¹⁶ may, therefore, be one factor in living longer.?

Finally, although these three groups dont eat exactly the same foods, their diets are similar. The Hunzas, Vilcabambans, and Soviets¹⁷ eat little animal meat. Their diets are full of fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts, grains, cheese, and milk. They never eat more food than their bodies need.?

It is clear that isolation from urban pressures and pollution, clean mountain air, daily hard work, moderate diets, good genes, and a youthful approach to life all contribute to the health and remarkable¹⁸ long life of all these people.?



6. What is the main subject of this passage? ?

A. Mr. Mamedovs life.?

B. A description of several societies where people live a long time.?

C. Suggestions for how you can live a long life.?

D. Hard physical work is a good way to live a long time.?



7. The description of Mr. Rustam Mamedov is ____.?

A. an example of a typical long life among these people?

B. an example of an unusual long life among these people?

C. an explanation of why he is still healthy?

D. an explanation of what way of life we should take?



8. The subject of paragraph 7 is ____.?

A. isolation B. inherited factors?

C. food and diet D. animal meat?



9. This article concludes that ____ contribute to the remarkable long life of these peoples.?

A. moderate diets B. clean mountain air?

C. daily hard work D. all the above factors?



10. How do you think the author feels about these long?lived people??

A. He is impressed with them.

B. He doesnt care.?

C. He doesnt like them.

D. He cares little about them.?

?



3

A university student in Nairobi, Kenya, was stopped for a traffic violation¹⁹ the other day. The policeman took out his ticket book and asked, “What tribe are you?” In Lusaka, Zambia, a young man applying for a job was told to see the manager. He leaned over the receptionists desk and asked, “What tribe is he?” When the receptionist told him that the manager was a Mashona, the applicant²⁰ replied, “Then Ill never get the job.”

?This phenomenon is called tribalism. There are more than 2,000 tribes in black Africa. Each has its own language, customs, names, and physical characteristics that make its members almost immediately recognizable to a person from another tribe. To the Westerner, tribalism is one of the most difficult of African customs to understand. It makes many people think of savagery²³, warfare²⁴, or old?fashioned customs.?

However, to most Africans, tribalism simply means very strong loyalty²⁵ to ones ethnic²⁶ group. It is a force that can be both good and bad. By definition tribalism means sharing among members of the extended family. It makes sure that a person is taken care of by his own group. To give a job to a fellow tribesman is not wrong; it is an obligation. Similarly, for a politician or military leader, it is considered good common sense to choose his closest advisers²⁷ from people of his own tribe. This ensures security, continuity, authority. Tribal²² loyalty may mean a quick promotion—from sergeant²⁸ to captain, from clerk to manager—within a very short time.

Modern African politicians publicly speak out against tribal divisions. Yet it remains²⁹ perhaps the most powerful force in day?to?day African life. As evidence of tribalism, in 1977 in Kenya, President Jomo Kenyattas Kikuyu tribe controlled business and politics. Eight of the 21 cabinet posts, including the most important four, were filled by Kikuyus. In Uganda in the same year, the Presidents small Kakwa tribe filled almost all the highest government and military positions. In Angola, Ethiopia, and Nigeria, the fighting in the past ten years can be partly explained by disagreements among tribes.

One country that has largely avoided tribal problems is Tanzania. Some observers say this is partly because Tanzania has so many tribes (about 120) that none has been able to become a major force.



11. Why did the applicant reply “Then Ill never get the job?”?

A. Because he was a Mashona.

B. Because he was not a Mashona.?

C. Because he could do the job.

D. Because he had no such ability.?



12. The two situations in paragraph 1 are examples of ____.?

A. typical young men in Africa

B. unusual problems?

C. the importance of tribalism

D. the application of job?



13. According to the article, what is the definition of tribalism??

A. Giving a job to a fellow tribesman.?

B. A force that can be both good and bad.?

C. Sharing among members of the extended family.?

D. Making sure that a person is taken care of by his own group.?



14. In paragraph 4, how many examples are there “as evidence of tribalism”??

A. Three. B. Two. C. One. D. Four.?



15. In the last paragraph (about 120) is in parentheses³⁰ to show ____.?

A. that it is unimportant?

B. how many tribes there are?

C. that it is a large number

D. how many people there are??



4

When people communicate face?to?face, they convey information in several ways apart from by the words they use. Thus, how often they make eye contact and how long they sustain that contact can indicate their degree of intimacy³¹, interest in or understanding of what they are communicating verbally. Their posture³³—the way they sit or stand—can reveal attention, interest, disagreement or boredom³⁴. The distance they sit or stand from one another and the angle at which they do also can suggest friendship, hostility³⁵ or respect. These and other forms of nonverbal communication are so pervasive³⁶ that we usually scarcely notice them. Their importance quickly becomes apparent, however, when for some reason they are lacking or unclear.

?One occasion when most people notice the importance of nonverbal communication is when they are talking on the telephone. There is an unwritten rule of telephone conversations that the listener must supply frequent and regular confirmation³⁷ that he or she is listening. This is done by saying ?Aha, Mmhm, Yes, I see,? and so on. Failure to do this often enough may result in the speaker interrupting him or herself to ask if the other person is “still there”. In face?to?face conversation, this is unnecessary, as attention and understanding are conveyed silently, chiefly by eye contact and posture.

?Another situation where the importance of nonverbal communication becomes clear is during cross?cultural communication. It is an instructive experience to travel in a foreign country whose culture is very different from ones own. Does one shake hands, bow, touch, point, wink³⁸, and so on, or are some or all of these behaviors considered rude? How long can eye contact be maintained without indicating something more than polite interest? How close does one stand before being disrespectful or too intimate, how far away before being thought cold or hostile? Features like these can sometimes be more important in a second language than grammatical accuracy or a good accent.



16. You can use several ways to communicate with others except ____ .?

A.using language B.making eye contact?

C.by the posture D.using ear contact?



17. The forms of nonverbal communication are ____ .?

A.very prevalent B.apparent?

C.unclear D.noticeable?



18. On what occasion people will notice the importance of nonverbal communication, according to the passage??

A. When you have an interview with the manager.?

B. When you are in a foreign country which language you cant²¹ understand.?

C. When you are having a face?to?face communication.?

D. When you stand with somebody.?



19. According to the passage the following statements can convey a certain kind of information except ____ .?

A.the time of eye contact?

B.the distance between the two persons?

C.the way of sitting or standing³²?

D.the way of talking?



20. What is the title of the passage??

A.How to Use Nonverbal Communication.?

B.The Ways of Communication.?

C.Nonverbal Communication.?

D.The Effect of Nonverbal Communication.





答案部分



1

短文大意?

升高体温曾被认为是热血动物的特权，但是冷血动物也同样具有这种能力，现在升高体温的能力扩展到了无脊椎动物。适度的升温有利，因此升温过程应用广泛，得病的动物都有向炎热地区移动的倾向。?

1. 答案A。?

【参考译文】 下列表述哪一项最能说明本文的主要内容??

【试题分析】 本题测试的是文章的中心内容。?

【详细解答】 这篇文章的主要内容。文章第一段就给予了说明：Running a fever was once thought to be the prerogative of warm?blooded creatures,... (升高体温曾被认为是热血动物的特权)。但是 ... lizards can also develop fevers, even though there is no question that they are coldblooded.(蜥蜴也能升高体温，尽管他们毫无疑问属于冷血动物)。随后作者进一步说明，同时扩展到了无脊椎动物。B项升高体温有益，C项高温阻碍细菌生产，D项蜥蜴能升高体温这三项虽在文章中均被提及，但只是作为支持上述观点的例子，因此最佳答案应为A项“冷血动物能够升高体温”。?

2. 答案C。?

【参考译文】 高温引起白血球更加活跃。?

【试题分析】 本题是道细节题。?

【详细解答】 本题答案选择C项是根据文章最后一段中Leukocytes, white blood cells that are active in fighting bacterial infections are more mobile at febrile temperature.(积极参与抵抗细菌入侵的白血球在高温下更加活跃。)而作出的，A项和B项的叙述与文章不相符，而D项虽是正确的表述，但与本题毫不相关，因此要舍弃。?

3. 答案B。?

【参考译文】 下列陈述中正确的是哪一项??

【试题分析】 本题测试的是文章的细节部分。?

【详细解答】 文章第一段开始两句话告诉我们升高体温曾被认为是热血动物的特权，但是冷血动物也同样具有这种能力，蜥蜴就是一个例子，因此A项不正确。文章第二段Now, fever has spread to invertebrates.(现在，升高体温的能力扩展到了无脊椎动物)。由此可见B项“无脊椎动物也具有升高体温的能力”是正确答案，C项中所说热血动物的体内温度是独立于天气之外的，这是正确的说法，但冷血动物是否也如此，文章并未提及，故放弃。生病的蜥蜴是呆在笼子里以求体温升高，所以D项也不正确。?

4. 答案D。?

【参考译文】 文章暗示到注入细菌的小龙虾有向炎热地区游动的倾向。?

【试题分析】 本题是道分析推理题。?

【详细解答】 本题所提供的四个选项均与文章内容相符，但在题目中有一关键词imply(暗示)，这就要求所选答案不仅正确，而且在文章中并未直接表述，通过推理又不难得出。文章第二段中介绍：Crayfish injected with bacteria ... swam and scuttled to hot areas.(注入细菌的小龙虾急忙游向炎热的区域)。由此不难推出D项中所说注入细菌的小龙虾具有向炎热区域移动的意图的结论是正确的，因此本题最佳答案应为D项。?

5. 答案D。?

【参考译文】 被注入前列腺素的蝎子向炎热地区运动以便升高体温，预防细菌侵入。?

【试题分析】 本题是道细节分析题。?

【详细解答】 文章第三段开头就说明了：... moderate fevers have their benefits, which might explain why the fever process is so widespread.(适度的升温有利，这也许解释了为什么升温过程应用如此广泛)。这解释了为什么被注入前列腺素蝎子向炎热地区运动。A和C两项在文章中无法找到依据，而B项与文章内容相抵触，因此D项为正确答案。??





2

短文大意?

在原苏联高加索地区长寿之人非常多，其长寿的因素概括起来是适度的节食、清新的山区空气和每日艰辛的劳动。?

6. 答案B。?

【参考译文】 本文主要话题是什么??

【试题分析】 本题是道关于文章主题的题目。?

【详细解答】 通读全文我们不难看出本文主要介绍的是长寿之人及其长寿的因素。A项只是为说明观点而举出的一个事例，明显不合题意，而且也并未就如何长寿提出任何建议，因此C项也不合适。D项所说也只是长寿原因之一，也不全面，因此只有B项“对长寿之人的社会的描述”是本题的最佳答案。?

7. 答案A。?

【参考译文】 对Rustam Mamedov的描述是长寿之人中一个典型的例子。?

【试题分析】 本题测试的是对事例的推断理解能力。?

【详细解答】 文章第三段开始介绍导致健康长寿的因素，文章提及Rustam Mamedov是在说明第一个因素的时候：First of all, hard physical work is a way of life for all of these long?lived peoples.(首先，对所有长寿之人来说艰辛的体力劳动是他们的一种生活方式)。而Rustam Mamedov就是如此，而且他只是这些长寿之人中的一员，因此本题的最佳选项应该是A项而非其它。?

8. 答案C。?

【参考译文】 第七段的话题是食物和节食。?

【试题分析】 本题测试的是对文章段落进行总结概括的能力。?

【详细解答】 文章在第七段一开头就说：... although these three groups dont eat exactly the same foods, their diets are similar.(尽管这三群人所吃食物不尽相同，但他们节食却是相似的。)且最后又说：They never eat more food than their bodies need.(他们所吃食物从不超过身体所需要的定量)。由此可见本段谈论的主要是食物和节食。因此C项应该是本题的正确答案，而其它三项均不合适。?

9. 答案D。?

【参考译文】 文章总结了这些人长寿的原因是适度的节食、清新的空气和每日艰辛的劳动。

【试题分析】 本题测试的是文章的细节部分。?

【详细解答】 长寿的因素文章在其最后一段做出了概括性的总结：It is clear that isolation from urban pressures and pollution, clean mountain air, daily hard work, moderate diets, good genes, and a youthful approach to life all contribute to the health and remarkable long life of all these people.根据这句话可以知道A项适度节食，B项清新的山区空气和C项每日艰辛劳动均是长寿因素，因此本题最佳答案只能是D项。

10. 答案A。?

【参考译文】 作者对这些长寿人的感受是什么??

【试题分析】 本题是一道逻辑分析推理题。?

【详细解答】 作者的感受并未直接表述出来，但是如果B项他对此不关心，或C项他不喜欢他们，或D项他很少关心他们的说法是正确的话，作者就不可能花时间研究他们，并将此写成文章予以报道。因此通过推论，本题的最佳答案只应该是A项“他对他们印象深刻”而非其它。??



3

短文大意?

在非洲，部落制很重要，它可以直接影响到你的就业等问题。所谓的部落制就是在广大家庭成员中分享。现代非洲的政治家公开宣称反对部落制，但是在非洲的日常生活中，部落制仍然具有最强大的力量。只有坦桑尼亚避免了这个问题，因为它有约120个部落，没有一个部落能成为主流。?

11. 答案B。?

【参考译文】 为什么申请者回答“我永远不会得到那个工作”??

【试题分析】 本题是道理解分析题。?

【详细解答】 本文主要讲述在非洲，部落制很重要，那么第一段所举事例理所当然也是为此主题服务。申请者是在询问经理是何部落，得到经理是Mashona部落的回答后才说“那我将永远不会得到这个工作了。”由此可以推断出申请者这样说是因自己和经理并非来自同一部落，因此B项应为本题的正确答案。C项和D项在文章中都无法找到依据，故应排除。?

12. 答案C。?

【参考译文】 在第一段的两种情形是部落制重要的事例。?

【试题分析】 本题是道分析推理题。?

【详细解答】 第一段举出两个事例的用意文章在第二段中第一句话做出了总结性的说明：This phenomenon is called tribalism.(这种现象就叫部落制。)且通读全文后可知文章的主题是在非洲部落制很重要，因此本题的最佳答案应该是C项而非其它。?

13. 答案C。?

【参考译文】 根据短文，部落制的定义是什么??

【试题分析】 本题测试的是对文章细节部分的掌握。?

【详细解答】 部落制的定义，文章在第三段中给予了明确说明：By definition tribalism means sharing among members of the extended family.根据这句话，本题的答案显而易见应该是C项“在广义家庭成员中分享”。?

14. 答案A。?

【参考译文】 在第四段中，作为部落制的证据有几例??

【试题分析】 本题是道总结题。?

【详细解答】 文章第四段有这么一句话：As evidence of tribalism, in 1977 in Kenya, ... In Uganda in the same year, ... In Angola, Ethiopia, and Nigeria, ... 因此文中举了三例分别为：1977年肯尼亚发生的一事；1977年乌干达发生的一事和安哥拉、埃塞俄比亚和尼日尔发生的一事，所以A项为本题的正确答案。?

15. 答案B。?

【参考译文】 在最后一段中，“大约120”在括号内是为了显示有多少部落。?

【试题分析】 本题测试的是根据上下文进行推断的能力。?

【详细解答】 文章是在最后一句话中提到“(大约120)”的。... because Tanzania has so many tribes (about 120) that none has been able to become a major force.(……因为坦桑尼亚有如此多的部落(大约120个)所以没有一个部落能成为主流)。文章是在说部落多时提及“大约120”的，因此本题的正确解释应该是B项。??



4

短文大意?

当人们进行面对面的交流的时候，除了运用他们所使用的语言外，还可以用几种方式进行交流。他们使用眼神进行交流的次数，以及这种交流所维持的时间长短都说明了他们之间的亲密程度和对所谈话题的兴趣及理解程度。他们的姿势，他们坐着或者站着之间的距离也是一种暗示。这种非语言的交流是如此普遍，只有在缺少它，或者不清楚的时候才会感到它的重要性。?

16. 答案D。?

【参考译文】 除了使用耳朵联系以外，你能够用几种方式去交流。?

【试题分析】 本题测试的是对文章细节部分进行辨析的能力。?

【详细解答】 一开始文章就说到面对面的交流有几种方式，具体提到了语言交流、眼神的交流、姿势的暗示等等，通篇文章没有提到用耳朵进行交流的问题，因此这种方式显然是不正确的，符合题目的要求，是本题的正确答案。?

17. 答案A。?

【参考译文】 非语言交流的形式是非常普遍的。?

【试题分析】 本题是道细节题。?

【详细解答】 文章在第一段清楚地讲到：These and other forms of nonverbal communication are so pervasive that we usually scarcely notice them.而且还说到：Their importance quickly becomes apparent, however, when for some reason they are lacking or unclear.从这两句话可以看到非语言交流的形式非常普遍，但是人们很少注意到它，它的重要性因此就不是很明显。由此可见，本题的正确答案是A。?

18. 答案B。?

【参考译文】 根据短文，在什么情况下人们将注意到非语言交流的重要性??

【试题分析】 本题测试的是分析辨别能力。?

【详细解答】 文章最后一段介绍到只有在缺少和不清楚的情况下，语言的重要性才会明显（Their importance quickly becomes apparent, however, when for some reason they are lacking or unclear.）。下面具体列举的两种情况是在电话里讲话和在文化交叉的交流中，而B项“当身处一个不懂其语言的国家的时候”正是属于第二种情况，因此本题的最佳选项应该是B项。其他三项虽然并不能完全排除有非语言交流的可能性，但是也不能完全肯定，因此需要排除。?

19. 答案D。?

【参考译文】 根据短文，下列叙述中说话方式不能传达一定的信息。?

【试题分析】 本题是道细节辨别题。?

【详细解答】 文章第一段谈到人们的姿势，包括站立和坐的姿势可以表达一定的信息，最后一段中提到眼神交流的时间长度，两人站立的距离都能够表明一定的关系，惟独没有提到的就是谈话的方式，因此符合题目要求的只有选项D了。?

20. 答案C。?

【参考译文】 文章的标题是什么??

【试题分析】 本题测试的是对文章中心内容的概括总结能力。?

【详细解答】 文章谈论了非语言交流的种种情况，参考本文的短文大意，我们不难选择出短文的正确标题应该是C项“非语言交流”。其他三项都是本文中提到的细节，不能代表全文的内容，所以都不是本题的正确选项。

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