1


A well?stablished distinction in memory theory is that between short?erm and long?erm memory. The former refers to our ability to do such things as remember telephone numbers long enough to dial them; the latter―concerns the wide range of ways in which experiences can affect behavior many years later. Given the two different kinds of ability, it is reasonable to hypothesize that each is represented differently in the brain. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that long?erm memory implies a chemical change in the brain cells while short?erm memory involves patterns of impulses in circuits of nerve cells.?
One group of rats were taught to run through a maze¹. Five minutes after learning the task, they were cooled to 5℃, the temperature at which all electrical activity in the brain ceases. They were then kept at this temperature for 15 minutes before being allowed to return to their normal temperature. They were then run through the maze, again.?
A second group of rats were taught to run the same maze, and then immediately cooled to 5℃ for 15 minutes. After being allowed to return to their normal temperature, an attempt was made to run the second group through the maze again. It was found that rats in the first group had no difficulty with the maze the second time, suggesting that they did not have to relearn the task. Rats in the second group which was cooled immediately after learning the maze, on the other hand, could not negotiate the maze successfully, i.e., they apparently² could not remember what they had learned.?
It was concluded from this experiment that short?erm memory (in rats, at least ) is unlike long?erm memory. Short?erm memory involves electrical impulses since at a temperature where electrical activity ceases, there is no memory. Long?erm memory, in contrast, is unaffected by the disruption of electrical activity and may involve structural³ changes in brain cells.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. The difference between short?erm memory and long?erm memory.
B. The experiments of two groups of rats.
C. The temperature for rats to lose their memory.
D. The importance of memory.
2. Remembering address belongs to ____.
A. short?erm memory B. long?erm memory?
C. both A and B D. neither A or B
3. The experiments of two groups of rats indicate that ____.
A. temperature affects rats memory
B. the relationship between temperature and memory is very clear
C. there is distinction between short?erm memory and long?erm memory
D. rats can relearn the task after forgetting it
4. If rats are cooled to 5℃ for 15 minutes immediately, what will happen after being allowed to return to their normal temperature??
A. They have no difficult in crossing the same maze.?
B. They lose their way in the maze. ?
C. They can remember the way correctly. ?
D. They go through the maze after several trying. ?
5. Electrical impulses affect ____.?
A. long?erm memory B. short?erm memory
C. structural changes D. brain cells




2

By the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America. Although the Church of England was an established church in several colonies, Protestants lived side by side in relative harmony. Already they had begun to influence each other. The Great Awakening⁴ of the 1740s, a “revival⁵” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups, or denominations⁷.?
At the same time the works of John Locke were becoming known in America. John Locke reasoned that the right to govern comes from an agreement or “social contract” voluntarily entered into by free people. The Puritan experience in forming congregations made this idea seem natural to many Americans. Taking it out of the realm of social theory, they made it a reality and formed a nation.

It was politics and not religion that most occupied Americans minds during the War of Independence and for years afterward⁸. A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs.?
Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however, that, as the Declaration of Independence states, “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights,” and that “the laws of Nature and Natures God” entitled them to form a new nation. Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion.?
The First Amendment⁹ to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion. The United States would have no state?upported religion. In this way, those men who formulated¹⁰ the principal tenets of the newly established political system hoped to insure that diversity of religious belief would never become the source of social or political injustice¹¹ or disaffection.?
The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle¹² in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens. But did it mean that government would be religiously neutral, treating all religions alike??
In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States. Presidents and other political leaders often call on God to bless the American nation and people. Those whose religion forbids them to fight can perform other services instead of becoming soldiers. But government does not pay ministers salaries or require any belief―not even a belief in God―as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead.?
The truth is that for some purposes government ignores religion and for other purposes it treats all religions alike―at least as far as is practical. When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them.
6. What is the Great Awakening?
A. To cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups or denomination⁶.
B. A revival movement of seeking to breathe new feeling and strength into religion.
C. To live side by side in relative harmony.

D. To spread religious idea to other countries.
7. What controlled Americans minds during the War of Independence?
A. Politics. B. Religion.
C. Protestants. D. Church.
8. ____ entitled American to have the freedom of religion.?
A. The First Amendment

B. The Constitution of the United States
C. American Government

D. The Declaration of Independence
9. In the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, it is stipulated¹³ that ____.
A. the government can entitle state?upported religion to enjoy some special rights
B. the government can not take any action to limit the practice of any religion
C. the United States would have no national religion
D. the government will not intervene in the social or political injustice or disaffection
10.Which of the following is the proof that the government ignores religion in some ways?
A. Religious group need not pay taxes in the United States.
B. President seldom calls on God to bless America and its people.
C. For those who, like Quakers, object to them, oaths can be replaced by a solemn affirmation or declaration.
D. For those whose religion forbids them to fight, performing other services can take the place of being soldiers.




3
Between the end of the Second World War and the early sixties, a baby boom occurred in the U. S., and people born during that period were known as the “baby boomers.” Bill Clinton is no doubt a typical representative of that generation. Like the 1992 general elections, the presidential election of 1997 was not merely a skirmish between two political parties but also a generation war between the “baby boomers” and the G.I. generation represented by Bush and Dole¹⁴. Clintons triumph signaled a shift of U. S. political power from the older generation to the younger one, and reflects developments of far reaching significance in todays American politics.

William Jefferson Clinton was born on August 19, 1946, in the mountain city of Hope, Arkansas. In English, “Hope” means “xiwang.” No wonder that later on Clintons supporters often called him “the man from the city of hope.”
The family circumstances of Clintons childhood years were very unfortunate. Clintons own father died in a traffic accident 3 months before Clinton was born. His stepfather, Roger Clinton, was a habitual¹⁵ drunkard, which caused discord¹⁶ in the family. Such an experience helped Clinton become a man who knew his own mind, had self?estraint and self?ontrol, and was adept¹⁷ at competition. Self?eliant, diligent¹⁸ and hard working, Clinton gained a good education. In the fall of 1964, he enrolled¹⁹ in Georgetown University in Washington D.C., and majored in international politics. After graduation, he won the famous Rhodes scholarship and pursued advanced studies for 2 years in Englands Oxford²⁰ University. In 1971 he entered Yale Universitys law college and obtained a doctorate²¹ in law two years later. During his university days, Clinton actively²² participated in the students movement against the Vietnam War, avoided army enlistment²³, and took a trip to Moscow in 1976. These experiences helped him mature early, but left him vulnerable to political controversies²⁴ later, and branded him as a young liberal.
After leaving Yale, Clinton returned to his hometown in Arkansas where he began his political career. In 1974, when he was not quite 28, he formally campaigned for congress. His vivid and dramatic first attempt greatly intimidated²⁵ his opponents. Though defeated in his campaign, his political talent received affirmation in news and political circles, winning him the title of “child prodigy”. In 1976, Clinton won the post of State Attorney General. In 1978, he succeeded in his campaign for the Governorship and at 32 became the youngest governor in the history of the state of Arkansas. In 1980, he lost to the Republicans in his campaign for reelection but two years later staged him a comeback that won him the nickname of “undefeatable kid.” He kept the Governorship right up until January 1993, when he officially became the master of the White House. His first term of office expired in 1997, but he defeated republican Dole and was reelected, and as served as President up until the present.?
In October 1997, when Chinas President Jiang Zemin visited the U.S., he and President Clinton reached unanimity²⁶ in the setting up of a constructive²⁷, strategic partnership²⁸ for the 21st Century. President Clinton has announced this year that he will move up his visit to China to the end of June in order to give fresh impetus²⁹ to the development and improvement of Sino?.S. relations.
11.The presidential election of 1997 was a war ____.
A. between Clinton and Dole
B. between Bush and Dole

C. between baby boomers
D. between Republican Party and Democratic Party
12.Bill Clinton is a man that ____.?
A. knows his own mind

B. has self?ontrol and self?estraint
C. is good at competition

D. all the above?
13.In ____, Bill Clinton got a doctorate.
A. Georgetown University B. Oxford University
C. Yale University D. Columbian University
14.When did Bill Clinton win the title of “child prodigy”?
A. In 1974. B. In 1976.
C. In 1978. D. In 1980.
15.The announcement of moving up Clintons visit to China means ____.
A. bringing about a great advance in the development and improvement of Sino?.S. relations
B. the formation of a constructive, strategic partnership for the 21st Century
C. the formation of a friendship between two countries
D. the two countries reach unanimity in many fields




4
Americans often try to say things as quickly as possible, so for some expressions we use the first letters of the words instead of saying each word. Many common expressions or long names are shortened this way.?
BYOB is a short way of saying “bring your own bottle”. The letters BYOB are often found at the bottom of a written invitation to a simple social event or gathering³⁰ friends. For example, I decide to have a party on a Sunday afternoon. I might write a note saying, “Please come to the party, and BYOB.” The bottle each person brings is what that person wants to drink at the party.
An invitation to a special event, such as a wedding, would never say BYOB. However, an invitation to an official or very special event often has other letters at the bottom of it. The letters are RSVP. The letters represent the French expression “repondez sil vous plait”. In English, the words mean “Respond if it pleases you”. Americans use the letters as a short way to say please answer this invitation.?
Another expression ASAP is often heard in business offices. My boss might say she wants something done ASAP. It means as soon as possible. She also might tell me she wants something done by COB. That means she wants it finished by close of business, or the end of the workday.?
Beginning letters often are used to represent the name of a university. A famous one is MIT. It is short for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Another major university is UCLA, almost no one ever says its real name, the University of California at Los Angeles. That takes too long.?
Some American businesses are better known for the beginning letters of their name than for their complete names. For example, you may not have heard of the company called International Business Machines, but you probably have heard of the company by its short name IBM. And the American Telephone and Telegraph Company is much better known as AT & T. Many American government agencies are known by the beginning letters of their name, too. For example, the FBI is the Federal Bureau of Investigation³¹. The FBI investigates criminal activity in the United States. Then there is the IRS, the Internal Revenue Service. It is not a very popular agency. It collects Federal taxes. Here is an example you already know. Can you guess what it is? How about VOA, the short name of the “Voice of America”.
16.What is the main subject of this article?
A. The voice of America.
B. A short way of saying.
C. Introduction of famous companies.
D. Brief introduction of VOA.
17.Why do Americans try to use a short way of saying?
A. Its easy to remember.
B. They like to shorten long names.
C. They try to say things as quickly as possible.
D. They are told to do so.
18.How do Americans shorten their long names?
A. They use the first letters of the words instead of saying each word.
B. They are told how to shorten them by authorities.
C. They shorten long names as they like.
D. Not mentioned in the article.
19.ASAP, which is often heard in business office, means ___.
A. the work must be finished by close of business
B. the work must be finished by the end of the workday
C. the work must be finished as soon as possible
D. the work must be finished at once
20.Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?
A. RSVP. B. COB. C. IRS. D. AT.





答案部分

1?

短文大意?

长期记忆和短期记忆有着明显的区别，前者牵涉到多年以后经验还会在广泛的领域影响你的行为，而后者却指的是做诸如记忆电话号码之类的事情的能力。实验证明短期记忆牵涉到电脉冲的问题，它在一定温度就会停止。而长期记忆可能涉及到脑细胞的结构变化，不受电脉活动的影响。?

1.答案A。?

【参考译文】 本篇短文的主要内容是什么??

【试题分析】 本题测试的是文章的主要内容。?

【详细解答】 文章在首尾两段都强调的是长期记忆和短期记忆之间的区别，中间两段的实验也是针对这两者之间的区别的，因此本题的主要内容很明显应该是A项“短期记忆和长期记忆之间的不同”。?

2.答案A。?

【参考译文】 记忆地址属于短期记忆。?

【试题分析】 本题测试的是分析判断能力。?

【详细解答】 本题的答案无法在文章中直接找到，但是第一段中清楚地提到记忆电话号码是属于短期记忆的(The former refers to our ability to do such things as remember telephone numbers long enough to dial them; ...)，这句话中的前者指的就是短期记忆，以此类推记忆地址也应该是属于短期记忆，A项是本题的正确答案。?

3.答案C。?

【参考译文】 两组老鼠的实验显示了短期记忆和长期记忆之间有区别。?

【试题分析】 本题测试的是归纳总结的能力。?

【详细解答】 从文章第三和第四段可以很容易地推断出结论，而且文章最后一段开始也提到了实验的结论是短期记忆不像长期记忆(It was concluded from this experiment that short?term memory (in rats, at least)is unlike long?term memory.）。由此可见C应该是本题的正确答案。?

4.答案B。?

【参考译文】 如果老鼠体温立刻降至5摄氏度长达15分钟，在它们被恢复到正常体温之后将会发生什么事??

【试题分析】 本题测试的是理解判断能力。?

【详细解答】 文章在第三段中提到的这类老鼠的反映是：Rats in the second group which was cooled immediately after learning the maze, on the other hand, could not negotiate the maze successfully, i.e., they apparently could not remember what they had learned.由此可见本题的最佳选项是B项“它们在迷宫中迷路了”。?

5.答案B。?

【参考译文】 电脉冲影响短期记忆。?

【试题分析】 本题是道细节题。?

【详细解答】 本题答案的选择依据在文章最后一段：Short-term memory involves electrical impulses since at a temperature where electrical activity ceases, there is no memory. Long-term memory, in contrast, is unaffected by the disruption of electrical activity and may involve structural changes in brain cells. B项是符合本题要求的正确选项。?

?

2?

短文大意?

在十八世纪四十年代兴起了宗教大复兴运动，这是一个旨在唤起日渐淡薄的宗教观念的宗教大复兴运动。在《独立宣言》的规定中，新政府保证了公民享有的种种权利，其中一项就是宗教信仰的自由。同时美国宪法第一修正案禁止新联邦政府对任一宗教给予特殊偏爱或者阻碍宗教的自由行动。然而，政府对宗教的态度具有两面性。从某些方面来说，政府支持所有的宗教，但从另一方面来说，却并非如此。?

6. 答案B。?

【参考译文】 什么是宗教大复兴??

【试题分析】 本题是道细节题。?

【详细解答】 十八世纪四十年代的宗教大复兴运动，文章在其首段用一非限制性定语从句给予了简单说明：a “revival” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion.这是一个旨在唤起日渐淡薄的宗教观念的宗教大复兴运动，因此本题的正确答案应为B项“一个旨在给宗教注入新的感觉和力量的复兴运动”。A项是宗教大复兴运动所引的结果，非本题答案，因而舍弃。C项离题千里而D项文章中根本未提，故均排除。?

7. 答案A。?

【参考译文】 在独立战争期间，主宰美国人的思想的是什么??

【试题分析】 本题是对文章的句意理解进行测试。?

【详细解答】 文章在第三段开头就清楚地交待了：It was politics and not religion that most occupied Americans minds during the War of Independence and for years afterward.(是政治而非宗教在独立战争及以后的岁月里占据了美国人的思想)。由此可见，本题的正确答案毫无疑问应是A项。?

8. 答案D。?

【参考译文】 《独立宣言》授予美国人宗教自由。?

【试题分析】 本题是对文章段落的理解进行考查。?

【详细解答】 本题答案的依据在文章的第四段：Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however, that, as the Declaration of Independence states, ... entitled them to form a new nation. Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, ... , was freedom of religion.由此可见在《独立宣言》之规定中，新政府保证了公民所享有的种种权力，其中一项就是宗教信仰的自由。因此D项应该是本题的正确答案。?

9. 答案B。?

【参考译文】 在美国宪法第一修正案中规定政府不能采取任何行动限制任何宗教的活动。?

【试题分析】 本题测试的是对文章句意的理解。?

【详细解答】 美国宪法第一修正案中有关政府对宗教的规定，文章在第五段给予了阐明：The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion.(美国宪法第一修正案禁止新联邦政府对任一宗教给予特殊偏爱或者阻碍宗教的自由行动)。因此B项政府不能采取任何行动以限制任一宗教的行动与此相符，是本题的正确答案。A项政府授予国家支持的宗教享有特定的权力和C项美国没有全国性宗教，与文章内容不尽相符。D项政府将不介入社会或政治上的不公平或不满在文章中根本未提及，因此这三项应该排除。?

10.答案C。?

【参考译文】 下面哪一项是在某种方面政府忽视了宗教的证据??

【试题分析】 本题是道细节题。?

【详细解答】 文章在倒数第二段中提到了政府对宗教的态度具有两面性。从某些方面来说，政府支持所有的宗教，但从另一方面来说，却并非如此，文中为说明此点而举的事例即为：Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead.(在进行宣誓时，贵格派，可以用庄严的承诺或宣告代替)。显而易见，本题的正确答案应为C项“像贵阁派那样反对宣誓的人可以用庄严的承诺或宣告来代替”而非其它三项。??





3?

短文大意?

克林顿是现任美国总统，他于1946年8月19日出生在美国阿肯色州的一个叫做希望的山城。他的童年非常不幸，这养成了他忍耐自制，善于竞争，极有主见的个性。克林顿具有政治才华，这一点获得了新闻界和政界的肯定，并获得了“打不败的小子”的绰号和“政治神童”的称号。今年他宣布提前访华，以便继续推进中美关系的发展和改善。?

11.答案D。?

【参考译文】 1997年的总统选举是共和党和民主党之间的一场战争。?

【试题分析】 本题是道分析推理判断题。?

【详细解答】 对本题答案进行选择的依据在文章的第一段：Like the 1992 general elections, the presidential election of 1997 was not merely a skirmish between two political parties but also generation war between the “baby boomers” and the G.I. generation represented by Bush and Dole.(与1992年大选一样，1997年的总统选举不仅是两党之争，而且是代际之争，是“婴儿潮”一代人与布什和多尔代表的二战士兵一代人之争)。据此不难推断出其正确答案应为D项。?

12.答案D。?

【参考译文】 比尔·克林顿是一个极有主见、忍耐自制、善于竞争的人。?

【试题分析】 本题是道细节题。?

【详细解答】 克林顿的性格文章在第三段中作出清晰阐述：Such an experience helped Clinton become a man who knew his own mind, had self?restraint and self?control, and was adept at competition.(这种经历养成了克林顿忍耐自制、善于竞争、极有主见的个性)。因此D项应为本题的正确答案。?

13.答案C。?

【参考译文】 在耶鲁大学，比尔·克林顿获得了博士学位。?

【试题分析】 本题测试的是对文章细节部分的掌握。?

【详细解答】 文章在第三段中清楚介绍了：In 1971 he entered Yale Universitys law college and obtained a doctorate in law two years later. (1971年进入耶鲁大学法学院，两年后获法学博士学位)。在乔治敦大学他主修国际政治专业，毕业后前往英国牛津大学深造，因此符合题意的正确答案只能是C项。?

14.答案A。?

【参考译文】 什么时候比尔·克林顿赢得了“政治神童”的称号??

【试题分析】 本题是道细节辨别题。?

【详细解答】 文章在第四段中介绍到：克林顿在1974年尚不满28岁时就正式投入竞选国会众议员：Though defeated in his campaign, his political talent received affirmation in news and political circles, winning him the title of “child prodigy”.(虽然竞选失败，但是他的政治才华得到新闻界和政界的肯定，获得了“政治神童”的称号)。因此A项应为本题的正确答案。?

15.答案A。?

【参考译文】 克林顿访华提前的宣布意味着在中美关系的发展和改善方面大大推进了一步。?

【试题分析】 本题测试的是对文章句意的理解。?

【详细解答】 文章在最后一段提到了克林顿宣布提前访华的意义：President Clinton has announced this year that he will move up his visit to China to the end of June in order to give fresh impetus to the development and improvement of Sino?U.S. relations.(今年克林顿总统宣布，他将提前于6月底访华，以便继续推进中美关系的发展和改善)。C项和D项文章根本未提及，B项所说的建设性战略伙伴关系的形成与文章所说就此达成一致不符，因此本题的正确答案只能是A项而非其他。??





4?

短文大意?

缩略语在美国广泛应用，其原因是美国人常常设法用尽可能快的速度讲话，其方法是使用词组的首字母缩略词。?

16.答案B。?

【参考译文】 本文的主题是什么??

【试题分析】 本题测试的是对整篇文章的中心内容进行概括的能力。?

【详细解答】 通读全文后我们不难发现文章主要讲的是缩略语，介绍了众多的缩略语的含义，因此本题的最佳选项应该是B项。?

17.答案C。?

【参考译文】 为什么美国人尽量用缩略语??

【试题分析】 本题是道细节题。?

【详细解答】 美国人使用缩略语的原因文章在一开头就做出了介绍：Americans often try to say things as quickly as possible, ...(美国人常常设法以尽可能快的速度讲话，……)据此不难选出本题的正确答案应该是C项“他们设法尽可能快地说话”。?

18.答案A。?

【参考译文】 美国人如何将长名字缩略??

【试题分析】 本题测试的是文章的细节部分。?

【详细解答】 文章在其开头第一句话中介绍美国人使用缩略语的原因的同时也介绍了缩略方法：... so for some expressions we use the first letters of the words instead of saying each word.其方法即为使用词组的首字母缩略词，由此可见A项应该是本题的正确答案。?

19.答案C。?

【参考译文】 经常在办公室里听到ASAP的意思是尽可能快。?

【试题分析】 本题测试的是对文章句意的理解。?

【详细解答】 本题答案的依据在文章的第四段：My boss might say she wants something done ASAP. It means as soon as possible.由此可见ASAP是as soon as possible的首字母缩略词，意思是尽可能快，因此本题的正确答案应该是C项而非其它。?

20.答案D。?

【参考译文】 文章中没有提到的是哪一项??

【试题分析】 本题是道细节辨别题。?

【详细解答】 本题要选出文章中未提及的缩略语，符合这一要求的只有D项，因为文章在其最后一段提到的是美国一非常有名气的电话电报公司AT&T，而不是AT，所以符合题意的正确答案只能是D项，A项RSVP意为“请答复”，B项COB意为“工作结束”，C项IRS意为“国内税收局”。

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