In considering the question of suffrage¹, there are two starting points: one, that this right is a gift of society, in which certain men, having inherited this privilege from some abstract body and abstract place, have now the right to secure it for themselves and their privileged order to the end of time. This principle leads logically to governing races, classes, families; and, in direct antagonism² to our idea of self-government, takes us back to monarchies³ despotisms, to a experiment that has been tried over and over again, 6,000 years, and uniformly failed. "I do not hold my liberties," says Gratz Brown in the Senate of the United States, "by any such tenure⁴. On the contrary, I believe, whenever you establish that doctrine⁵, whenever you crystallize that idea in the public mind of this country, you ring the death-knell of American liberties."

Ignoring this point of view as untenable and anti-republican, and taking the opposite, that suffrage is a natural right—as necessary to man under government, for the protection of person and property, as are air and motion to life—we hold talisman⁶ by which to show the right of all classes to the ballot⁷, to remove every obstacle, to answer every objection, to point out the tyranny of every qualification to the free exercise of this sacred right.

To discuss the question of suffrage for women and negroes, as women and negroes, and not as citizens of a republic, implies that there are some reasons for demanding this right for these classes that do not apply to "white males."

The obstinate⁸ persistence⁹ with which fallacious and absurd objections are pressed against their enfranchisement¹¹—as if they were anomalous¹³ beings, outside all human laws and necessities—is most humiliating and insulting to every black man and woman who has one particle of healthy, high-toned self-respect. There are no special claims to propose for women and negroes, no new arguments to make in their behalf. The same already made to extend suffrage to all the white men in this country, the same John Bright makes for the working men of England, the same made for the enfranchisement of 22,000,000 Russian serfs, are all we have to make for black me and women. As the greater includes the less, an argument for universal suffrage covers the whole question, the rights of all citizens. In thus relaying the foundations of government, we settle all these side issues of race, color and sex, end all class legislation, and remove forever the fruitful cause of all the jealousies¹⁴, dissensions and revolution of the past. This is the platform of the American Equal Rights Association. "We are masters of the situation." Here black men and women are buried in the citizen. As in the war, freedom was the keynote of victory, so now is universal suffrage the keynote of reconstruction¹⁵.

"Negro suffrage" may answer as a party cry for an effete¹⁶ political organization through another Presidential campaign; but the people of this country have a broader work on hand to-day than to save the Republican party, or, with some abolitionists, to settle the rights of races. The battles of the ages have been fought for races, classes, parties, over and over again, and force always carried the day, and will until we settle the higher, the holier question of individual rights. This is our American idea, and on a wise settlement of this question rests the problem whether our nation shall live or perish.

The principle of inequality in government has been thoroughly¹⁷ tried, and every nation based on that idea that has not already perished, clearly shows the seeds of death in its dissensions and decline. Though it has never been tried, we know an experiment on the basis of equality would be safe; for the laws in the world of morals are as immutable¹⁸ as in the world of matter. As the Astronomer¹⁹ Le Verrier discovered the planet that bears his name by a process of reason and calculation through the variations of other planets from known laws, so can the true statesman, through the telescope of justice, see the genuine republic of the future amid the ruins of the mighty²⁰ nations that have passed away. The opportunity now given us to make the experiment of self-government should be regarded by every American citizen as a solemn and a sacred trust. When we remember that a nation's life and growth and immortality²¹ depend on its legislation, can we exalt²² too highly the dignity and responsibility of the ballot, the science of political economy, the sphere of government? Statesmanship is, of all sciences, the most exalted²³ and comprehensive, for it includes all others. Among men we find those who study the laws of national life more liberal and enlightened on all subjects than those who confine their researchers in special directions. When we base nations on justice and equality, we lift government out of the mists of speculation²⁴ into the dignity of a fixed²⁵ science. Everything short of this is trick, legerdemain²⁶, sleight²⁷ of hand. Magicians may make nations seem to live, but they do not. The Newtons of our day who should try to make apples stand in the air or men walk on the wall, would be no more puerile²⁸ in their experiments than are they who build nations outside of law, on the basis of inequality.

What thinking man can talk of coming down into the arena²⁹ of politics? If we need purity, honor, self-sacrifice and devotion anywhere, we need them in those who have in their keeping the life and prosperity of a nation. In the enfranchisement of woman, in lifting her up into this broader sphere, we see for her new honor and dignity, more liberal, exalted and enlightened views of life, its objects, ends and aims, and an entire revolution in the new world of interest and action where she is soon to play her part. And in saying this, I do not claim that woman is better than man, but that the sexes have a civilizing³⁰ power on each other. The distinguished³¹ historian, Henry Thomas Buckle³², says:

"The turn of thought of woman, their habits of mind, their conversation, invariably extending over the whole surface of society, and frequently penetrating³³ its intimate structure, have, more than all other things put together, tended to rise us into an ideal world, and lift us from the dust into which we are too prone³⁴ to grovel³⁵.

And this will be her influence in exalting³⁶ and purifying the world of politics. When woman understands the momentous³⁷ interests that depend on the ballot, she will make it her first duty to educate every American boy and girl into the idea that to vote is the most sacred act of citizenship³⁸—a religious duty not to be discharged thoughtlessly, selfishly or corruptly³⁹; but conscientiously⁴⁰, remembering that, in a republican government, to every citizen is entrusted⁴¹ the interests of the nation. "Would you fully⁴² estimate the responsibility of the ballot, think of it as the great regulation power of a continent, of all our interests, political, commercial, religious, educational, social and sanitary⁴³!"

To many minds, this claim for the ballot suggests nothing more than a rough polling-booth where coarse, drunken men, elbowing each other, wade⁴⁴ knee-deep in mud to drop a little piece of paper two inches long into a box—simply this and nothing more. The poet Wordsworth, showing the blank materialism⁴⁵ of those who see only with their outward eyes, says of his Peter Bell:

"A primrose⁴⁶ on the river's brink⁴⁷

A yellow primrose was to him,

And it was nothing more."

So our political Peter Bells see the rough polling-booth, in this great right of citizenship, and nothing more. In this act, so lightly esteemed⁴⁸ by the mere⁴⁹ materialist⁵⁰, behold⁵¹ the realization⁵² of that great idea struggled for in the ages and proclaimed by the Fathers, the right of self-government. That little piece of paper dropped into a box is the symbol of equality, of citizenship, of wealth, virtue⁵³, education, self-protection, dignity, independence and power—the mightiest⁵⁵ engine yet placed in the hand of man for the uprooting⁵⁶ of ignorance, tyranny, superstition⁵⁷, the overturning of thrones, altars, kings, popes, despotisms, monarchies and empires. What phantom⁵⁸ can the sons of the Pilgrims, be chasing, when they make merchandise of a power like this? Judas Iscariot, selling his Master for thirty pieces of silver, is a fit type of those American citizens who sell their votes, and thus betray the right of self-government. Talk not of the "muddy pool of politics," as if such things must need be. Behold, with the coming of woman into this higher sphere of influence, the dawn of the new day, when politics, so called, are to be lifted into the world of morals and religion; when the polling-booth shall be a beautiful temple, surrounded by fountains and flowers and triumphal arches, through which young men and maidens⁵⁹ shall go up in joyful⁶⁰ procession to ballot for justice and freedom; and when our elections shall be like the holy feasts of the Jews at Jerusalem. Through the trials of this second revolution shall not our nation rise up, with new virtue and strength, to fulfill⁶¹ her mission in leading all the peoples of the earth to the only solid foundation of government, "equal rights to all?" What an inheritance is ours! What boundless⁶² resources for wealth, happiness and development! With every variety of climate and production, with our mighty lakes and rivers majestic⁶³ forests and inexhaustible mines, nothing can check our future prosperity but a lack of virtue in the people. Let us not, like the foolish prodigal⁶⁴, waste our substance in riotous⁶⁵ living, and, through ease, luxury and corruption⁶⁶, check the onward⁶⁷ march of this western civilization. Our danger lies, not in the direction of despotism, in the one-man power, in centralization; but in the corruption of the people. Is it not enough to fill any true patriot⁶⁸ with apprehension⁶⁹, to read the accounts in our daily journals of the wholesale⁷⁰ bribery⁷¹ that unblushingly shows itself everywhere? It is not the poor, unlettered foreigner alone who sells his vote; but native-born American citizens, congressmen, senators, judges, jurors, "white males" who own $250 worth of real estate and can read the Constitution. It is not in Wall street alone that men gamble in stocks; but our State and National Capitols—even our courts of justice—are made houses of merchandise. Women of the Republic, what say you for your son? What say our legislators for themselves?—they who claim to represent their mothers, wives and daughters to have their lives, liberty and happiness in their keeping. "There is something rotten in Denmark." Ralph Waldo Emerson says, "men are what their mothers made them." The fountain rises no higher than its source. The art, the stratagem⁷², the duplicity, the sham⁷³ of our social life is all repeated in our legislation. "Give a man a right over my subsistence," says Alexander Hamilton, "and he has a right over my whole moral being." When any class lives by favors, rather than honorable, profitable labor⁷⁴; when shelter, food and clothes are to be wheedled⁷⁵ out of a privileged order, life is necessarily based on chicanery⁷⁶, degradation⁷⁷ and dishonor. In woman's aimless, dependent education, her noblest aspiration⁷⁸, her holiest sentiments, are perverted⁷⁹ or sacrificed. She has but one object in life, and that one is desecrated⁸⁰, compelled as she is, in ease and luxury, to marry for a position, a palace, equipage, silks and diamonds, or, in poverty and isolation⁸¹, for bread and a home. With marriages of interest, convenience, necessity, the very fountains of life are poisoned. This first false step in our social life can only be remedied by making woman independent, and profitable labor honorable for all. Educate girls for all the avocations⁸² of life. Teach them to scorn, as the boy does, to live on the bounty⁸³ of another. Virtue and independence go hand in hand. If you would have the future men of this nation do justice and walk uprightly, remove every barrier in the way of woman's elevation⁸⁴, that she, too, with honor and dignity on her brow, may stand self-poised, above fear, want or temptation.

Never, until woman is an independent, self-sustaining force in society, can she take her true, exalted position as the mother, the educator of the race. Never, as a dependent on his wish, his will, his bounty to be sheltered, fed and clothed, will man recognize in woman an equal moral power in the universe of mind. The same principle that governed plantation⁸⁶ life, governs the home. The master could quote law and gospel for his authority over the slave, so can the husband still. You see man's idea of women true position in his codes and creeds⁸⁷. His commentaries on Blackstone and the Bible alike place her "sub potestate viri;" under the power of man. The mass of both men and women really believe this to be the Heaven-ordained status of a Christian⁸⁸ wife. Hence we have, in the home as on the plantation, ruler and subject on one side, purse, power and rights on the other—favors or wrongs, according to the character of the "divinely-appointed head," But fair, equal-handed justice can never be found where the rights of one class are at the mercy of another. The black man, as a slave, was compelled to lie and cheat and steal. All he got was by his wits; he had no rights which any one was bound to respect. He had nothing to hope for, nothing to gain; hence food and clothes were more to him than principles. But that chain is broken; he is free, holds the ballot, lives on his own earnings⁸⁹. With responsibility come honesty, honor, dignity; and to-day Gov. Orr reasons with him as a man, and gives him dissertations⁹⁰ on the policy of fair-dealing with white men. But, if a woman corners her husband in fair debate, shows him that her plan of action in any direction is better than his, he flies into a passion, declares "there is no reasoning with a woman," and, from sheer will, thwarts⁹¹ the end she desires. Thus she is driven to cunning and management to get what is denied as her right. Shut up to a life of folly⁹², fashion and dependence⁵⁴, with no means of her own to gratify her taste or vanity, she would be a dull scholar not to learn the wisdom of having no opinion, will or wish opposed to him who carries the purse. She has no purse of her own, so she makes bills at the milliner's, the dress-maker's, the fancy store, the restaurant which she cannot pay. She staves off their claims as long as possible; but at last the awful moment comes, and the bills are sent to her husband. He raises a tempest at home, refuses to pay, is sued, and is laughed at in court as some malicious⁹³ lawyer slowly reads over the articles of his wife's wardrobe and how many times she ate ice-cream or oysters⁹⁴ in one week, all of which is published to the world the next day. And this is the beautiful, refined seclusion⁹⁵ where the feminine element is supposed to be most favorably developed; from which the liberal pulpit even fears to transplant woman to the world of work, where she may become honest and independent. Under such circumstances, how can woman base her everyday life on principle? False to herself, how can she be true to others? So long as she is petty, servile, tricky⁹⁶, how can her sons be magnanimous, noble and just?

And this is the "home influence" of which we hear so much—the great normal-school of legislators, senators and presidents. Here are your boasted mothers, the women who govern the world, without enough force or dignity or principle to stand upright themselves. The family, that great conservator of national strength and morals—how can you cement its ties but by the virtue and independence of both man and woman? If one-half we hear of the bribery and corruption of our day be true, and we are responsible for this state of things, we must confess that women has made a most lamentable⁹⁷ failure in governing the world for the last six thousand years by the "magic power of influence." If this be indeed her work, and if, in fact, as all philosophers tell us, woman does govern the world, it behooves⁹⁸ her now to demand a fitting education for so responsible a position, that she may understand the science of life, and make a new experiment in government with the direct power of the ballot-box; that, by an intelligent use of the franchise¹², she may so change the conditions of life as to lift the race on a higher platform that she could ever do by tact⁹⁹, cunning or management. The effect of concentrating all woman's thoughts and interests in home-life, intensifies¹⁰⁰ her selfishness and narrows her ideas in every direction; hence she is arbitrary in her views of government, bigoted¹⁰¹ in religion, and exclusive in society. She is the ignorant, the conservative element, the staunch supporter everywhere of the aristocratic idea. Look at the log line of equipages and liveried servants in Fifth Avenue and Central Park, the pageant¹⁰² composed chiefly of women. Think of stalwart men, dressed up like monkeys, perched on the back seat of a carriage for ornament¹⁰³. A coat of arms and livery belong legitimately¹⁰⁴ to countries that boast an order of nobility, an established church, a law of primogeniture—where families live through centuries; but here, where the follow chandler of yesterday lives in a palace to-day, they are out of place. What a spectacle for us who proclaimed the glorious doctrine of equality a century ago, to be imitating the sham and tinsel of the effete civilizations of the Old World—degrading the dignity and majesty¹⁰⁵ of the idea on which our government is based!

Now men in political life cannot afford to do these things. They always have the ballot-box, that great leveller, before their eyes. They keep their kid gloves in their pockets, shake hands all round, and act as if they believed all men equal, especially about election time. This practice they have in the right direction, does in time mold them a new into broader, more liberal views than the women by their side. When our fashionable, educated women vote, there will be an enthusiasm thrown round our republican idea such as we have never realized before. It is in vain to look for a genuine republic in this country until the women are baptized into the idea, until they understand the genius of our institutions, until they study the science of government, until they hold the ballot in their hands and have a direct voice in our legislation. What is the reason, with the argument in favor of the enfranchisement of women all on one side, without an opponent worthy¹⁰⁶ of consideration—while British statesmen, even, are discussing this question—that Northern men are so dumb and dogged, manifesting a studied indifference¹⁰⁷ to what they can either answer nor prevent? What is the reason that even abolitionists who have fearlessly claimed political, religious and social equality for woman for the last twenty years, should now, with bated breath, give her but a passing word in their public speeches and editorial comments—as if her rights constituted but a side issue in this grave question of reconstruction? All must see that this claim for male-hood suffrage is but another experiment in class legislation, another violation¹⁰⁸ of the republican idea. With the black man we have no new elements in government; but with the education and elevation of woman we have a power that is to galvanize the Saxon race into a higher and nobler life, and thus, by the law of attraction, to lift all races to a more even platform than can ever be reached in the political isolation of the sexes. Why ignore 15,000,000 women in the reconstruction? The philosophy of this silence is plain enough. The black man crowned with the rights of citizenship, there are no political Ishmaelites left but the women. This is the last stronghold of aristocracy in the country. Sydney Smith says: "There always has been, and always will be, a class of men in the world so small that, if women were educated, there would be nothing left below them."

It is consolation¹⁰⁹ to the "white male," to the popinjays in all our seminaries of learning, to the ignorant foreigner, the boot-black and barber, the idiot—for a "white male" may vote if he be not more than nine-tenths a fool—to look down on women of wealth and education, who write books, make speeches, and discuss principles with the savans of their age. It is a consolation for these classes to be able to say, well, if women can do these things, "they can't vote, after all." I heard some boys discoursing¹¹⁰ thus not long since. I told them they reminded me of a story I heard of two Irishmen the first time they saw a locomotive with a train of cars. As the majestic fire-horse, with all its grace and polish, moved up to a station, stopped, and snorted, as its mighty power was curbed¹¹¹, then slowly gathered up its forces again and moved swiftly on—"be jabers," says Pat, "there's muscle for you. What are we beside that giant?" They watched it intently till out of sight, seemingly with real envy, as if oppressed with a feeling of weakness and poverty before this unknown power; but rallying at last, one says to the other: "No matter, Pat; let it snort and dash on—it can't vote, after all."

Poor human nature wants something to look down on. No privileged order ever did see the wrongs of its own victims, and why expect the "white male citizen" to enfranchise¹⁰ woman without a struggle—by a scratch of the pen to place themselves on a dead level with their lowest order? And what a fall would that be, any countrymen. In none of the nations of modern Europe is there a class of women so degraded politically as are the women of these Northern States. In the Old World, where the government is the aristocracy, where it is considered a mark of nobility to share its offices and powers—these women of rank have certain hereditary¹¹² rights which raise them above a majority of the men, certain honors and privileges not granted to serfs or peasants. In England woman may be Queen, hold office, vote on some questions.

In the southern States even the women were not degraded below their working population, they were not humiliated¹¹³ in seeing their coachmen, gardeners and waiters go to the polls to legislate¹¹⁴ on their interests; hence there was a pride and dignity in their bearing not found in the women of the North, and a pluck in the chivalry¹¹⁵ before which northern doughfaceism has ever cowered¹¹⁶. But here, where the ruling class, the aristocracy, is "male", no matter whether washed or unwashed, lettered or unlettered, rich or poor, black or white, here in this boasted northern civilization, under the shadow of Bunker Hill and Faneuil Hall, which Mr. Phillips proposes to cram¹¹⁷ down the throat of South Carolina—here women of wealth and education, who pay taxes and are amenable¹¹⁸ to law, who may be hung, even though not permitted to choose the judge, the juror, or the sheriff who does the dismal¹¹⁹ deed, women who are your peers in art, science and literature—already close upon your heels in the whole world of thought—are thrust outside the pale of political consideration with traitors¹²⁰, idiots, minors¹²¹, with those guilty of bribery, larceny¹²² and infamous¹²³ crime. What a category is this in which to place your mothers, wives and daughters. "I ask you, men of the Empire State, where on the footstool do you find such a class of citizens politically so degraded? Now, we ask you, in the coming Constitutional Convention, to so amend¹²⁴ the Second Article of our State Constitution as to wipe out this record of our disgrace.

"But", say you, "women themselves do not make the demand." Mr. Phillips said on this platform, a year ago, that "the singularity of this cause is, that it has to be carried on against the wishes and purposes of its victims," and he has been echoed by nearly every man who has spoken on this subject during the past year. Suppose the assertion true, is it a peculiarity¹²⁵ of this reform?

We established free schools opposed to the will and wishes of the children playing in the sunshine on the highway. We press temperance, opposed to the will and wishes of drunkards and rumsellers. It has always been opposed to the will and wishes of working men that inventors should apply machinery¹²⁶ to labor, and thus lift the burdens of life from the shoulders of the race. Ignorant classes have always resisted innovations. Women looked on the sewing-machine as a rival for a long time. Years ago the laboring¹²⁷ classes of England asked bread; but the Cobdens, the Brights, the Gladstones, the Mills have taught them there is a power behind bread, and to-day they ask the ballot. But they were taught its power first, and so must woman be. Again, do not those far-seeing philosophers who comprehend the wisdom, the beneficence, the morality of free trade urge this law of nations against the will and wishes of the victims of tariffs¹²⁸ and protective duties? If you can prove to us that women do not wish to vote, that is no argument against our demand. There are many duties in life that ignorant, selfish, unthinking women do not desire to do, and this may be one of them.

"But," says a distinguished Unitarian clergyman, in a recent sermon on this subject, "they who first assume political responsibilities must necessarily lose something of the feminine element." In the education and elevation of woman we are yet to learn the true manhood and womanhood, the true masculine and feminine elements. Dio Lewis is rapidly changing our ideas of feminine beauty. In the large waists and strong arms of the girls under his training, some dilettante¹²⁹ gentleman may mourn a loss of feminine delicacy¹³⁰. So in the wise, virtuous¹³¹, self-supporting, common-sense women we propose as the mothers of the future republic, the reverend gentleman may see a lack of what he considers the feminine element. In the development of sufficient moral force to entrench¹³² herself on principle, need a woman necessarily lose any grace, dignity or perfection of character? Are not those who have advocated the rights of women in this country for the last twenty years as delicate and refined, as moral, high-toned, educated, just and generous as any women in the land? I have seen women in many countries and classes, in public and private; but have found none more pure and noble than those I meet on this platform. I have seen our venerable President in converse¹³³ with the highest of English mobility¹³⁴, and even the Duchess of Sutherland did not eclipse her in grace, dignity and conversational¹³⁵ power. Where are there any women, as wives and mothers, more beautiful in their home life than Lucretia Mott and Lucy Stone, or Antoinette Brown Blackwell? Let the freedman of the South Sea Islands testify to the faithfulness, the devotion, the patience and tender mercy of Frances D. Gage¹³⁶, who watched over their interests, teaching them to read and work for two long years. Some on our platform have struggled with hardship and poverty—been slaves even in "the land of the free and the home of the brave," and bear the scars of life's battle. But is a self-made woman less honorable than a self-made man? Answer our arguments. When the Republic is in danger, no matter for our manners. When our soldiers came back from the war, wan⁸⁵, weary, and worn, maimed, halt, blind, wrinkled and decrepit—their banners torn, their garments stained with blood—who, with a soul to feel, thought of anything but the glorious work they had done? What if their mothers on this platform be angular, old, wrinkled and gray? They, too, have fought a good fight for freedom, and proudly bear the scars of the battle. We alone have struck the key-note of reconstruction. While man talks of "equal, impartial¹³⁷, manhood suffrage," we give the certain sound, "universal suffrage." While he talks of the rights of races, we exalt the higher, the holier idea proclaimed by the Fathers, and now twice baptized in blood, "individual rights." To woman it is given to save the Republic. You have seen, no doubt, an engraving¹³⁸ of that beautiful conception of the artist, Beatrice and Dante. On a slight elevation stands the ideal woman, her whole attitude expressive¹³⁹ of conscious power and dignity. Erect¹⁴⁰, self-poised, she gazes into the heavens as if to draw inspiration and life from the great soul of truth.

The man, on a lower plane, looks up with admiration¹⁴¹ and reverence¹⁴², with a chaste¹⁴³ and holy love; and thus the poet tells us, by the law of attraction woman leads man upward and onward, even through the hells, to heaven. I have sometimes thought, in gazing on this picture, that it was suggestive of what might be our future position. But, for this stage of civilization, I would draw a line half way between our poets and law-makers—between Dante and Blackstone—and place woman neither at man's feet nor above his head,
but on an even platform by his side.

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