Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) was an Italian patriot¹ and military leader who helped free the Italians from foreign rule and unify² the country. He was a master of guerrilla warfare³ and raised volunteers beginning in 1848 to conduct daring military campaigns to overcome the rule of Austria.

In 1860, Garibaldi's thousand "red shirts" took Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. Thousands of volunteers then rushed to join Garibaldi's army.

In August, he crossed to the mainland to march on Naples, where he was greeted by jubilant crowds singing the national anthem⁴, now known as "Garibaldi's Hymn⁵." After turning over the city to Victor Emmanuel II, Garibaldi resumed a humble⁶ life on the island of Caprera.

The speech below is an eloquent⁷ appeal he made to his soldiers in 1860. A year later, as a result of his daring military leadership and the political leadership of fellow patriots⁸, Giuseppe Mazzini and Camillo Cavour, the independent kingdom of Italy was finally proclaimed.

We must now consider the period which is just drawing to a close as almost the last stage of our national resurrection, and prepare ourselves to finish worthily⁹ the marvelous design of the elect of twenty generations, the completion of which Providence¹⁰ has reserved for this fortunate age.

Yes, young men, Italy owes to you an undertaking¹¹ which has merited the applause of the universe. You have conquered and you will conquer still, because you are prepared for the tactics that decide the fate of battles. You are not unworthy of the men who entered the ranks of a Macedonian phalanx, and who contended not in vain with the proud conquerors¹² of Asia. To this wonderful page in our country's history another more glorious still will be added, and the slave shall show at last to his free brothers a sharpened sword forged from the links of his fetters¹³.

To arms, then, all of you! all of you! And the oppressors and the mighty¹⁴ shall disappear like dust. You, too, women, cast away all the cowards from your embraces; they will give you only cowards for children, and you who are the daughters of the land of beauty must bear children who are noble and brave. Let timid doctrinaires depart from among us to carry their servility and their miserable¹⁵ fears elsewhere. This people is its own master. It wishes to be the brother of other peoples, but to look on the insolent¹⁶ with a proud glance, not to grovel¹⁷ before them imploring¹⁸ its own freedom. It will no longer follow in the trail of men whose hearts are foul¹⁹. No! No! No!

Providence has presented Italy with Victor Emmanuel. Every Italian should rally round him. By the side of Victor Emmanuel every quarrel should be forgotten, all rancor²⁰ depart. Once more I repeat my battle-cry: "To arms, all-all of you!" If March, 1861, does not find one million of Italians in arms, then alas²¹ for liberty, alas for the life of Italy. Ah, no, far be from me a thought which I loathe²² like poison. March of 1861, or if need be February, will find us all at our post-Italians of Calatafimi, Palermo, Ancona, the Volturno, Castelfidardo, and Isernia, and with us every man of this land who is not a coward or a slave. Let all of us rally round the glorious hero of Palestro and give the last blow to the crumbling²³ edifice²⁴ of tyranny. Receive, then, my gallant²⁵ young volunteers, at the honored conclusion of ten battles, one word of farewell from me.

I utter this word with deepest affection and from the very bottom of my heart. Today I am obliged to retire, but for a few days only. The hour of battle will find me with you again, by the side of the champions of Italian liberty. Let those only return to their homes who are called by the imperative²⁶ duties which they owe to their families, and those who by their glorious wounds have deserved the credit of their country. These, indeed, will serve Italy in their homes by their counsel, by the very aspect of the scars which adorn²⁷ their youthful brows. Apart from these, let all others remain to guard our glorious banners. We shall meet again before long to march together to the redemption of our brothers who are still slaves of the stranger. We shall meet again before long to march to new triumphs.

Giuseppe Garibaldi - 1860