Photo: President Lincoln among the crowd at Gettysburg.

The Battle of Gettysburg occurred over three hot summer days, July 1 to July 3, 1863, around the small market town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It began as a skirmish but by its end involved 160,000 Americans and effectively decided¹ the fate of the Union.

On November 19, 1863, President Lincoln went to the Battlefield to dedicate it as a national cemetery². The main orator³, Edward Everett of Massachusetts, delivered a two hour formal address. The president then had his turn. He spoke⁴ in his high, penetrating⁵ voice, and in a little over two minutes delivered this speech, surprising many in the audience by its shortness and leaving many others quite unimpressed.

Over time, however, his speech with its ending words - government of the People, by the People, for the People - have come to symbolize⁶ the definition of democracy itself.

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth⁷ on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated⁸ to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate - we cannot consecrate⁹ - we cannot hallow - this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated¹⁰ it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Abraham Lincoln - November 19, 1863