Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) was one of the leaders and orators¹ of the French Revolution of 1789, best known for his involvement in the Reign² of Terror that followed.

As a young man, he studied law and had a reputation for honesty and compassion³. He sought to abolish the death penalty and refused to pronounce a required death sentence after becoming a judge.

But as the revolution approached, Robespierre became head of the powerful Jacobin Club, a radical⁴ group advocating exile or death for France's nobility. In 1792, after Paris mobs stormed the palace of the Tuileries and dethroned King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, Robespierre helped organize the new revolutionary governing body, the Commune of Paris.

Robespierre now developed great love for power along with a reputation for intolerance, self-righteousness and cruelty.

He used his considerable oratory⁵ skills to successfully demand the execution of the king and queen, saying Louis XVI "must die that the country may live." In January 1793, the king was executed, followed ten months later by the queen.

The Committee of Public Safety then took over the rule of France and began a three year Reign of Terror during which it brutally⁶ put down royalist uprisings, conducted wholesale⁷ murder of families with royal ancestry⁸ and sent thousands to the guillotines without proper trials.

At one point during the Reign of Terror, Robespierre sent an atheist⁹, Jacques-Rene Hebert, to the guillotine after Hebert had closed the Catholic churches and started pagan-style worship of the goddess of Reason. Robespierre then introduced the Reign of Virtue¹⁰ and the Festival of the Supreme¹¹ Being, from which the speech below is taken.

Not long after this speech, Robespierre himself was arrested by his political enemies. A rescue attempt followed, during which part of his jaw¹² was shot off. On July 28, 1794, Robespierre and 19 of his comrades were guillotined. After his death, the Reign of Terror subsided¹³, with Robespierre subsequently blamed for much of its horrors.

The day forever fortunate has arrived, which the French people have consecrated¹⁴ to the Supreme Being. Never has the world which He created offered to Him a spectacle so worthy¹⁵ of His notice. He has seen reigning¹⁶ on the earth tyranny, crime, and imposture¹⁷. He sees at this moment a whole nation, grappling with all the oppressions of the human race, suspend the course of its heroic labors¹⁸ to elevate its thoughts and vows¹⁹ toward the great Being who has given it the mission it has undertaken and the strength to accomplish it.

Is it not He whose immortal²⁰ hand, engraving²¹ on the heart of man the code of justice and equality, has written there the death sentence of tyrants²²? Is it not He who, from the beginning of time, decreed for all the ages and for all peoples liberty, good faith, and justice?

He did not create kings to devour²³ the human race. He did not create priests to harness us, like vile²⁴ animals, to the chariots of kings and to give to the world examples of baseness, pride, perfidy²⁵, avarice²⁶, debauchery, and falsehood. He created the universe to proclaim His power. He created men to help each other, to love each other mutually, and to attain²⁷ to happiness by the way of virtue.

It is He who implanted in the breast of the triumphant²⁸ oppressor remorse²⁹ and terror, and in the heart of the oppressed and innocent calmness and fortitude³⁰. It is He who impels³¹ the just man to hate the evil one, and the evil man to respect the just one. It is He who adorns³² with modesty³³ the brow of beauty, to make it yet more beautiful. It is He who makes the mother's heart beat with tenderness and joy. It is He who bathes with delicious tears the eyes of the son pressed to the bosom³⁴ of his mother. It is He who silences the most imperious and tender passions before the sublime³⁵ love of the fatherland. It is He who has covered nature with charms, riches, and majesty³⁶. All that is good is His work, or is Himself. Evil belongs to the depraved man who oppresses his fellow man or suffers him to be oppressed.

The Author of Nature has bound all mortals by a boundless³⁷ chain of love and happiness. Perish the tyrants who have dared to break it!

Republican Frenchmen, it is yours to purify the earth which they have soiled, and to recall to it the justice that they have banished³⁸! Liberty and virtue together came from the breast of Divinity. Neither can abide⁴⁰ with mankind without the other.

O generous People, would you triumph over all your enemies? Practice justice, and render the Divinity the only worship worthy of Him. O People, let us deliver ourselves today, under His auspices⁴¹, to the just transports of a pure festivity. Tomorrow we shall return to the combat with vice⁴² and tyrants. We shall give to the world the example of republican virtues⁴³. And that will be to honor Him still.

The monster which the genius of kings had vomited⁴⁴ over France has gone back into nothingness. May all the crimes and all the misfortunes of the world disappear with it! Armed in turn with the daggers⁴⁵ of fanaticism⁴⁶ and the poisons of atheism⁴⁷, kings have always conspired⁴⁸ to assassinate⁴⁹ humanity. If they are able no longer to disfigure Divinity by superstition⁵⁰, to associate it with their crimes, they try to banish³⁹ it from the earth, so that they may reign there alone with crime.

O People, fear no more their sacrilegious plots! They can no more snatch the world from the breast of its Author than remorse from their own hearts. Unfortunate ones, uplift your eyes toward heaven! Heroes of the fatherland, your generous devotion is not a brilliant madness. If the satellites of tyranny can assassinate you, it is not in their power entirely⁵¹ to destroy you. Man, whoever thou mayest be, thou canst still conceive high thoughts for thyself. Thou canst bind⁵² thy fleeting⁵³ life to God, and to immortality⁵⁴. Let nature seize again all her splendor⁵⁵, and wisdom all her empire! The Supreme Being has not been annihilated⁵⁶.

It is wisdom above all that our guilty enemies would drive from the republic. To wisdom alone it is given to strengthen the prosperity of empires. It is for her to guarantee to us the rewards of our courage. Let us associate wisdom, then, with all our enterprises. Let us be grave and discreet⁵⁷ in all our deliberations, as men who are providing for the interests of the world. Let us be ardent⁵⁸ and obstinate⁵⁹ in our anger against conspiring⁶⁰ tyrants, imperturbable⁶¹ in dangers, patient in labors, terrible in striking back, modest and vigilant⁶² in successes. Let us be generous toward the good, compassionate⁶³ with the unfortunate, inexorable with the evil, just toward every one. Let us not count on an unmixed prosperity, and on triumphs without attacks, nor on all that depends on fortune or the perversity⁶⁴ of others. Sole, but infallible guarantors of our independence, let us crush the impious league of kings by the grandeur⁶⁵ of our character, even more than by the strength of our arms.

Frenchmen, you war against kings; you are therefore worthy to honor Divinity. Being of Beings, Author of Nature, the brutalized slave, the vile instrument of despotism, the perfidious⁶⁶ and cruel aristocrat⁶⁷, outrages⁶⁸ Thee by his very invocation of Thy name. But the defenders⁶⁹ of liberty can give themselves up to Thee, and rest with confidence upon Thy paternal⁷⁰ bosom. Being of Beings, we need not offer to Thee unjust prayers. Thou knowest Thy creatures, proceeding⁷¹ from Thy hands. Their needs do not escape Thy notice, more than their secret thoughts. Hatred⁷² of bad faith and tyranny burns in our hearts, with love of justice and the fatherland. Our blood flows for the cause of humanity. Behold⁷³ our prayer. Behold our sacrifices. Behold the worship we offer Thee.

Robespierre - 1794

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