弗洛伊德的发现
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FREUD’S DISCOVERY

In April 1884 Freud read of a German army doctor who had successfully employed cocaine1 as a means of increasing the energy and endurance of soldiers. He determined2 to obtain some for himself and try it as a treatment for other conditions—heart disease, nervous exhaustion3 and morphine addiction5. It was little known at that time and the extensive ethical6 and methodological rules governing modern drug trials did not exist.

Freud took some himself and was immediately impressed with the sense of well-being7 it engendered8, without diminishing his capacity for work. Having read a report in the Detroit Medical Gazette concerning its value in the treatment of addictions9 his next step was to recommend the substance as a harmless substitute to his friend and colleague, Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow. Fleischl. Who had become a morphine addict4 following repeated therapeutic10 administrations for intractable neurological pain and was in desperate straits, took to cocaine with enthusiasm and was soon consuming it in large quantities.

Meanwhile Freud continued to extol11 the virtues12 of the drug, writing a review essay on the subject, taking it himself and pressing it upon his fiancee, friends as a panacea13 for all ills, He had gone overboard with enthusiasm, writing to Martha when he heard she had lost her appetite,Woe to you, my Princess. When I come. I will kiss you quite red and fees you ‘till you are plump. And if you are forward you shall see who is the stronger, a gentle little girl who doesn’t eat enough or a big wild man who has cocaine in his body.’’

Among the people to whom Freud introduced cocaine was his colleague Carl Koller, a young doctor working in the department of ophthalmology. Freud published his essay in the July issue of the Centralblatt für Therapie, concluding it by drawing attention to the possible future uses of the drug as a local anaesthetic. Koller was impressed, thought it likely to be useful in eye operations and two months later tried it out , first on animals and then on his own eyes with complete success. He was quick to publish his findings, thus securing a place in world history as the discoverer of what turned out to be virtually the only medical use for the substance.

Freud had missed his chance, but worse was to follow. Fleischl’s  temporary improvement on taking cocaine was short lived. Within a week his condition deteriorated14, his pain became unbearable15 and he relapsed into morphine consumption. He now had not one addiction but two, taking cocaine in doses a hundred times larger than Freud used to do. He suffered toxic16 confusional states in which he became agitated17, experiencing severe anxiety and visual hallucinations. Yet Freud continued to advocate the use of cocaine in morphinism, presumably on the basis that (as had been reported by others) it was beneficial in selected cases.

His paper On the General Effect of Cocaine. Written in the spring of 1885, was published in August and subsequently abstracted in the Lancer, By the following year, however, cases of cocaine addiction and intoxication18 were being reported from all over the world. Freud came under severe criticism for his advocacy of the drug and defended himself by claiming(inaccurately)that he had never advised its use in subcutaneous injections. He expressed the following view, “Theory is fine but it doesn’t stop facts from existing.” This became a favorite warning against the uncritical acceptance of received wisdom.

18844月弗洛伊德读到一篇关于一位德国军医成功地使用可卡因来增加士兵体能和耐力的文章。他决定去搞一些并把它用于治疗心脏病、神经衰弱及吗啡嗜瘾等病症。当时这种药物鲜为人知,同时也没有像现代药品试用管理中广泛制定的道德上和使用上的规则。

弗洛伊德自己服用了一些,即刻就感到在不降低工作能力的情况下它所带来的快感。他在《底特律医学报》上读到一篇关于瘾品治疗价值的文章后,随即便向他的朋友和同事恩斯特·冯·弗雷氏马科斯科推荐了这种无害的替代物。弗雷氏由于患有顽固的神经方面的疾病而处境艰难,经过不断地药物疗法,他已嗜吗啡上瘾,当他充满热情地服用可卡因后,很快便开始大量使用。

与此同时,弗洛伊德继续颂扬这种药物的好处,写有关该药的评论文章,除自己服用外还把它当作灵丹妙药推荐给他的未婚妻、朋友们、同事们和病人们。他已然极度痴迷,当他听说玛撒没有食欲时便写信说,‘唉,我可怜的公主。我回来后会热烈地吻你并使你吃得胖胖的。如果你乐意,你会看到谁更强壮,是一个胃口欠佳的柔弱女子还是一个体内充满可卡因的高大莽汉。’

在这些弗洛伊德推荐给可卡因的人中,有一位是他的同事卡尔·科勒,他是个年轻的眼科医生。弗洛伊德在七月号的《医疗专刊》上发表了一篇文章,在篇末他指出将该药用于局部麻醉的可能性。这给科勒留下了深刻印象,他觉得这可用于眼部手术并在两个月后开始试验,先是在动物身上,之后在自己的眼睛上,并取得了完全的成功。他即刻公布了这一发现,因此他作为在医疗实用中运用的唯一的该物质的发现者在世界历史上占有一席之地。

弗洛伊德失去了这次机会,但更糟的事又接踵而至。弗雷氏服用可卡因的短期效益没有持续多久。不出一周他的情况每况愈下,痛苦不堪同时又陷入服用吗啡的恶习。他现在不是只沉溺于一种而是两种,可卡因的服用量要比弗洛伊德当时大一百倍。他遭受着中毒性的恍惚状态,他变得焦躁不安,极度忧虑并产生幻觉。而弗洛伊德仍继续倡导在吗啡上瘾时服用可卡因,据其他人的报道这可能是建立在某些病症上会产生效应的理论基础上的。

他的论文《关于可卡因的普遍效应 》写1885年春季,八月份发表后就在《持矛骑兵 》杂志上登出摘要。可是到了第二年,世界各地都报道了可卡因上瘾及中毒的情况。弗洛伊德因倡导这种药物受到了严厉的批评,他为自己辩护道(不确切地)他从没建议过以皮下注射来使用它。他表达了如下的观点,“理论固然不错,但它无法制约已经存在的事实。”这对于全盘接受常理的人无疑是个良好的忠告。


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 cocaine VbYy4     
n.可卡因,古柯碱(用作局部麻醉剂)
参考例句:
  • That young man is a cocaine addict.那个年轻人吸食可卡因成瘾。
  • Don't have cocaine abusively.不可滥服古柯碱。
2 determined duszmP     
adj.坚定的;有决心的
参考例句:
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
3 exhaustion OPezL     
n.耗尽枯竭,疲惫,筋疲力尽,竭尽,详尽无遗的论述
参考例句:
  • She slept the sleep of exhaustion.她因疲劳而酣睡。
  • His exhaustion was obvious when he fell asleep standing.他站着睡着了,显然是太累了。
4 addict my4zS     
v.使沉溺;使上瘾;n.沉溺于不良嗜好的人
参考例句:
  • He became gambling addict,and lost all his possessions.他习染上了赌博,最终输掉了全部家产。
  • He assisted a drug addict to escape from drug but failed firstly.一开始他帮助一个吸毒者戒毒但失败了。
5 addiction JyEzS     
n.上瘾入迷,嗜好
参考例句:
  • He stole money from his parents to feed his addiction.他从父母那儿偷钱以满足自己的嗜好。
  • Areas of drug dealing are hellholes of addiction,poverty and murder.贩卖毒品的地区往往是吸毒上瘾、贫困和发生谋杀的地方。
6 ethical diIz4     
adj.伦理的,道德的,合乎道德的
参考例句:
  • It is necessary to get the youth to have a high ethical concept.必须使青年具有高度的道德观念。
  • It was a debate which aroused fervent ethical arguments.那是一场引发强烈的伦理道德争论的辩论。
7 well-being Fe3zbn     
n.安康,安乐,幸福
参考例句:
  • He always has the well-being of the masses at heart.他总是把群众的疾苦挂在心上。
  • My concern for their well-being was misunderstood as interference.我关心他们的幸福,却被误解为多管闲事。
8 engendered 9ea62fba28ee7e2bac621ac2c571239e     
v.产生(某形势或状况),造成,引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • The issue engendered controversy. 这个问题引起了争论。
  • The meeting engendered several quarrels. 这次会议发生了几次争吵。 来自《简明英汉词典》
9 addictions 08dc31943b9cad12eedd1150060b87f3     
瘾( addiction的名词复数 ); 吸毒成瘾; 沉溺; 癖好
参考例句:
  • He has removed the stigma of drug addictions. 他已经洗去吸毒的污点了。
  • Intelligent people are good at using reason to control excessive addictions. 智慧的人善于用理性来控制过度的嗜欲。
10 therapeutic sI8zL     
adj.治疗的,起治疗作用的;对身心健康有益的
参考例句:
  • Therapeutic measures were selected to fit the patient.选择治疗措施以适应病人的需要。
  • When I was sad,music had a therapeutic effect.我悲伤的时候,音乐有治疗效力。
11 extol ImzxY     
v.赞美,颂扬
参考例句:
  • We of the younger generation extol the wisdom of the great leader and educator.我们年轻一代崇拜那位伟大的引路人和教育家的智慧。
  • Every day I will praise you and extol your name for ever and ever. 我要天天称颂你,也要永永远远赞美你的名。
12 virtues cd5228c842b227ac02d36dd986c5cd53     
美德( virtue的名词复数 ); 德行; 优点; 长处
参考例句:
  • Doctors often extol the virtues of eating less fat. 医生常常宣扬少吃脂肪的好处。
  • She delivered a homily on the virtues of family life. 她进行了一场家庭生活美德方面的说教。
13 panacea 64RzA     
n.万灵药;治百病的灵药
参考例句:
  • Western aid may help but will not be a panacea. 西方援助可能会有所帮助,但并非灵丹妙药。
  • There's no single panacea for the country's economic ills. 国家经济弊病百出,并无万灵药可以医治。
14 deteriorated a4fe98b02a18d2ca4fe500863af93815     
恶化,变坏( deteriorate的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Her health deteriorated rapidly, and she died shortly afterwards. 她的健康状况急剧恶化,不久便去世了。
  • His condition steadily deteriorated. 他的病情恶化,日甚一日。
15 unbearable alCwB     
adj.不能容忍的;忍受不住的
参考例句:
  • It is unbearable to be always on thorns.老是处于焦虑不安的情况中是受不了的。
  • The more he thought of it the more unbearable it became.他越想越觉得无法忍受。
16 toxic inSwc     
adj.有毒的,因中毒引起的
参考例句:
  • The factory had accidentally released a quantity of toxic waste into the sea.这家工厂意外泄漏大量有毒废物到海中。
  • There is a risk that toxic chemicals might be blasted into the atmosphere.爆炸后有毒化学物质可能会进入大气层。
17 agitated dzgzc2     
adj.被鼓动的,不安的
参考例句:
  • His answers were all mixed up,so agitated was he.他是那样心神不定,回答全乱了。
  • She was agitated because her train was an hour late.她乘坐的火车晚点一个小时,她十分焦虑。
18 intoxication qq7zL8     
n.wild excitement;drunkenness;poisoning
参考例句:
  • He began to drink, drank himself to intoxication, till he slept obliterated. 他一直喝,喝到他快要迷糊地睡着了。
  • Predator: Intoxication-Damage over time effect will now stack with other allies. Predator:Intoxication,持续性伤害的效果将会与队友相加。
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