一、段数量：2~4段之间，一段含4~8个句子

　　二、TOPIC SENTENCE内参4页

　　三、过渡句，承上启下

　　l first……second……Third……

　　l In the first place……in the second place……last but not least……

　　l The major problem with this argument is that……

　　Another problem that weakens/ undermines（削弱）the logic¹ of this argument is that……

　　Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out another flaw（several other flaws） that undermines the argument.

　　四、攻击的方法：

　　例证法：for example / instance

　　假设法：if, even if, given that（考虑到），granted that（姑且承认），only when （只有当），unless, in this / that case, even so

　　Unless the arguer provides substantial evidence regarding / concerning / as to……, the assumption that……is unfounded / problematic / unconvincing……

　　推测法：it is possible that……, it is equally possible that……,  another possibility is that……, it is also likely that……possibly, perhaps

　　五、运用闪光句型增加文采：P 88

　　六、数据的问题：

　　1. Begging the question把有待证实的关键性假设当作已经成立

　　Circular reasoning循环论证P35 2, P44 37, P53 73

　　2. Fallacy of missing evidence

　　Hasty generalization²急于概括

　　Neglect a relevant evidence忽略相关证据

　　P51 66, P48 56

　　3. False analogy只看到表层差异，而忽略深层差异

　　P63 112, P42 29

　　4. False dilemma³ / either or fallacy非此即彼的错误

　　P59 96, P43 34

　　5. Non sequitor => non causal relationship

　　P50 62, P52 70

　　闪光句型:

　　In the absence of all this information, it is impossible for us

　　to evaluate……that……

　　However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding……

　　It is very likely that……