the following is a recommendation from the president of appleby college.

　　"whereas appleby college holds class reunions every five years, edelston college holds annual reunions for all classes, during which edelston's alumni are treated to banquets, lectures, and student performances, enhancing their loyalty¹ to the college and their willingness to donate money. edelston college receives most of its alumni donations during or shortly after these reunions. therefore, the best way for appleby to increase its alumni donations is to offer similar reunion activities and to have each graduating class hold annual reunions."

　　the following is a memo² from the business manager of national daily news.

　　"to expand the home delivery service of our national newspaper, we should concentrate on the state of urba rather than on the state of sylva. first, the population of sylva is more widely dispersed³, which would require us to spend more money to deliver our papers in that area, resulting in less rofit per customer. second, a long-term study of television viewing habits suggests that sylvans prefer local to national news, since they spend twice as much time viewing local news programs as they do viewing national programs. finally, because events in urba receive more coverage⁴ in our newspaper than do events in sylva, we can expect urbans to be more interested in reading our newspaper."

　　the following appeared in a health newsletter.

　　"eating a heavy meal may increase the risk of heart attack. a recent survey of 2,000 people who had had a heart attack revealed that 158 of them said they had eaten a heavy meal within 24 hours before their heart attack, and 25 of them said they had eaten a heavy meal within 2 hours before their heart attack. eating and digesting food releases hormones⁵ into the bloodstream and temporarily increases heart rate and blood pressure slightly. both of these things put stress on the heart. therefore, people who are at risk of having a heart attack can lower that risk by not overeating."

　　the following appeared in the pine city gazette.

　　"fifteen years ago, pine city launched an electricity-conservation program that reimbursed⁶ residents some of the cost for replacing energy-wasteful motors, home office equipment, and home appliances with energy-efficient ones. for ten years, spending on this program increased annually⁷, and annual total energy consumption declined. but spending on the program began to decline five years ago, and since then pine city's total electricity consumption has increased sharply. if this increased usage continues, the city will have to build a costly⁸ new power plant. obviously the best way to avoid this expense is to increase reimbursement⁹ to residents for replacing energy-wasteful equipment. this will reduce energy usage to the levels of five years ago."

　　the following is a memo from the president of cyberell computer company.

　　"all of our customer-service employees recently attended a two-day retreat during which they received retraining in effective customer service. subsequently, cyberell's employee-performance study showed that the retreat benefited new employees—those who have worked with cyberell for less than two years—far more than it did experienced employees. according to the study, after the retreat new employees were able to handle an average of ten percent more calls per hour, and the total number of customer complaints about new employees decreased, but experienced employees showed little improvement in these areas. therefore, cyberell should send only new employees to future retreats and should use the resulting savings¹⁰ to double the length of the retreats so that the retreats will be more likely to yield optimum employee performance."

　　the following appeared in a health newsletter.

　　"a ten-year nationwide study of the effectiveness of wearing a helmet while bicycling indicates that ten years ago, approximately 35 percent of all bicyclists reported wearing helmets, whereas today that number is nearly 80 percent. another study, however, suggests that during the same ten-year period, the number of accidents caused by bicycling has increased 200 percent. these results demonstrate that bicyclists feel safer because they are wearing helmets and they take more risks as a result. thus, to reduce the number of serious injuries from bicycle accidents, the government should concentrate more on educating people about bicycle safety and less on encouraging or requiring bicyclists to wear helmets."