Commonly Tested Logical Fallacies

　　argument一些错误的模板：

　　1.“after this ,therefore,because of this”fallacy

　　First of all,the author assumes that B caused A . This argument commits the fallacy of assuming that just because A follows B, the second event has been caused by the first. The causal claim based on the correlation¹ is premature² unless the author can rule out other factors. For example, perhaps...... Yet another possibility is that...

　　2.The Insufficient³ Sample Fallacy

　　In the first place, the author provides no enough strong evidence to support the claim that..... The example cited, that..... , while suggestive of this, is insufficient to warrant the truth because there is no reason to believe that the data from ..... is representive of the ...... For example....

　　3."All things are equal" fallacy

　　The author claims that... because...... This is an unwarranted assumption because things rarelly remain the same from place to place/over extended periods of time. Even... , but there are all kinds of difference betwee A and B, such as.... We cannot safely assume that....

　　4.Inconsistent Fallacy

　　The major problem with the view expressed in the article is that inconsistent recommendations are endorsed⁴ in the argument. On the one hand,...... On the other hand, ...... Obviously.....cannot be expected to adhere to both of these recommendations.

　　5."poll/study"fallacy

　　Second, the conclusion unjustifiably relies on the poll/study (that...). The claim does not provide evidence to confirm the reliability⁵ of the poll/study, because the poll/study fails to indicate who conducted the poll/study, who responded, or how the poll/study was conducted to lend credibility to these claims. Moreover, while the phrase"study/poll suggests" may appear........

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