illustrate¹ how piano music began to change in response to the extended range of pianos that became available during beethoven’s lifetime.
illustrate how beethoven’s work failed to anticipate the changes in the design of instruments that were about to be made during his lifetime.
suggest that early music advocates commonly perform music using scores that do not reflect revisions made to the music years after it was originally composed.
illustrate how composers like beethoven sometimes composed music that called for notes that could not be played on instruments that were currently available.
provide an example of a piano composition that is especially amenable² to being played on piano available at the time the music was composed.
16. the author suggests that the final movements of symphonies by mozart and beethoven might be played more slowly by today’s orchestras if which one of the following were to occur?
属于直接事实题（中的因果关系推理），回文中定位
orchestras were to use instruments no more advanced in design than those used by orchestras at the time mozart and beethoven composed their symphonies.
跨区型错误
audiences were to return to the custom of applauding at the end of each movement of a symphony.
audiences were to reserve their most enthusiastic applause for the most brilliantly played finales.
（小）跨区型错误
conductors were to return to the practice of playing the chords on an orchestral piano to keep the orchestra together.
“无”型错误
conductors were to conduct the symphonies in the manner in which beethoven and mozart had conducted them.
“无”型错误
17. which one of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph?
属于结构题，对于此类题型可参照全文结构
a generalization³ is made evidence undermining it is presented, and a conclusion rejecting it is then drawn⁴.
“反”型错误
a criticism is stated and then elaborated with two supporting examples.
an assumption is identified and then evidence undermining its validity is presented.
“反”型错误
an assumption is identified and then evidence frequently provided in support of it is then critically evaluated.
“偏”型错误
two specific cases are presented and then a conclusion regarding their significance is drawn.
顺序错误
18. it can be inferred from the passage that the author’s explanation in lines 50-54 would be most weakened if which one of the following were true?
属于逻辑题中的反对题
musicians who perform in modern orchestras generally receive more extensive training than did their nineteenth-century counterparts.
breaks between the movements of symphonies performed during the early nineteenth century often lasted longer than they do today because nineteenth-century musicians needed to retune their instruments between each movement.
early nineteenth-century orchestral musicians were generally as concerned with the audience’s response to their music as are the musicians who perform today in modern orchestras.
early nineteenth-century audience applauded only perfunctorily after the first three movements of symphonies and conventionally withheld⁵ their most enthusiastic applause until the final movement was completed.
直接否定，抬杠法
early nineteenth-century audiences were generally more knowledgeable⁶ about music than are their modern counterparts.
19. it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following assertions regarding the early music recordings⁷ mentioned in the third paragraph?
属于信息题（中的可定位信息题）
these recordings fail to recognize that the last movements of haydn’s and mozart’s symphonies were often played slower in the eighteenth century than they are played today.
跨区型错误
these recordings betray the influence of baroque musical style on those early music advocates who have recently turned their attention to the music of haydn and mozart.
跨区型错误
by making audible the sound of an orchestral piano that was inaudible in eighteenth century performances, these recordings attempt to achieve aesthetic⁸ integrity at the expense of historical authenticity⁹.
by making audible the sound of an orchestral piano that was inaudible in eighteenth century performances, these recordings unwittingly create music that is unlike what eighteenth century audiences heard.
these recordings suggest that at least some advocates of early music recognize that concepts of musical intensity¹⁰ and excitement have changed since haydn and mozart composed their symphonies.
“反”型错误
20. the author suggests that the modern audience’s tendency to withhold¹¹ applause until the end of a symphony’s performance is primarily related to which one of the following?
the replacement¹² of the orchestral piano as a method of keeping the orchestra together.
a gradual increase since the time of mozart and beethoven in audiences’ expectations regarding the ability of orchestral musicians.
a change since the early nineteenth century in audiences’ concepts of musical excitement and intensity.
a more sophisticated appreciation of the structural integrity of the symphony as a piece of music

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