Questions 11-12

　　Nan Government subsidies¹ have been proposed in Cariana to encourage farmers in Rochelle, the country s principal agricultural region, to implement² certain new farming techniques Unless these techniques are implemented³ erosion of productive topsoil cannot be controlled Unfortunately farmers cannot afford to shoulder the entire cost of the new techniques, which are more expensive than those currently used Therefore, without subsidies agricultural output in Rochelle will inevitably⁴ decline

　　Betty But erosion in Rochelle is caused by recurring⁵ floods, which will end next year once Cariana completes the hydroelectric dam it is building across the region s major river Therefore, Rochelle s total agricultural output will stabilize⁶ at its present level even without subsidres.

11. Which one of the following is an assumption on which Betty s argument depends?

(A) Building a dam across Rochelle s major river will not reduce any recurrent 　　flooding that occurs in regions of Cariana other than Rochelle.
(B) The new farming techniques that must be implemented to control soil 　　erosion in Rochelle are not well suited to other regions of Cariana
(C) The current yearly output, if any from Rochelle s land that will be 　　permanently⁷ under water once the dam is completed will at least be 　　matched by additional yearly output from Rochelle s remaining land
(D) The cost to the government of Cariana to operate the hydroelectric dam will 　　not be greater than the projected cost of subsidizing the farmers of 　　Rochelle in the implementation⁸ of the new farming techniques
(E) The government of Cariana has sufficient financial resources both to 　　subsidize its farmers implementation of new farming techniques and to 　　operate a hydroelectric dam.

12. Betty uses which one of the following argumentative techniques in countering Alan s argument?

(A) showing that one premise⁹ in Alan s argument is inconsistent with another 　　premise in his argument
(B) making additional claims that, if correct undermine a premise in Alan s 　　argument
(C) demonstrating that Alan s conclusion is true but not for the reasons Alan 　　gives to support it
(D) presenting evidence indicating that the policy Alan argues in favor of would 　　have damaging consequences that outweigh¹⁰ its positive consequences.
(E) pointing out that Alan s argument mistakenly identifies something as the 　　cause of a trend when it is really an effect of that trend

13. Astronomers¹¹ have long thought that the irregularity in the orbit of the planet Neptune¹² was adequately explained by the gravitational pull exerted on Neptune by the planet Pluto¹³ The most recent observations of Pluto, however indicate that this planet is much too small to exert the amount of gravitational pull on Neptune that astronomers once thought it did

If the statements above are true, they provide the most support for which one of the following?

(A) Neptune is somewhat larger than scientists once believed it to be
(B) The orbit of Neptune is considerably more irregular than scientists once 　　thought it was
(C) There exists another as yet undiscovered planet with an orbit beyond that of 　　Pluto
(D) The gravitational pull of Pluto is not the sole cause of Neptune s irregular 　　orbit
(E) Further observations of Pluto will eventually show it to be even smaller than 　　it is now thought to be

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