12. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) describe recent developments in the Korean American community that have 　　strongly affected¹ other ethnic² communities of immigrant derivation
(B) describe a situation in the Korean American community that presents a 　　model for the empowerment of ethnic communities of immigrant derivation
(C) detial the problems faced by the Korean American community in order to 　　illustrate³ the need for the empowerment of ethnic communities of immigrant 　　derivation
(D) argue against economic and social injustice⁴ in the countries of origin of 　　ethnic communities of immigrant derivation
(E) assess the impact of the unionization movement on ethnic communities of 　　immigrant derivation

13. Which one of the following most accurately⁵ states the function of the third paragraph?

(A) It explains why the Pico workers brought their cause to the United States
(B) It explains how the Pico cause differed from other causes that had 　　previously⁶ mobilized the Korean American community
(C) It explains why the Pico workers were accorded such broad support
(D) It explains how other ethnic groups of immigrant derivation in the United 　　States have profited from the example of the Pico workers?
(E) It expains why different generations of Korean Americans reacted in different 　　ways to the Pico cause

　　　In recent years, scholars have begun to use social science tools to 　analyze⁷ court opinions. These scholars have justifiably⁸ criticized traditional 　legal research for its focus on a few cases that may not be representative

(5) and its fascination⁹ with arcane¹⁰ matters that do not affect real people with 　real legal problems. Zirkel and Schoenfeld, for example, have championed the 　application of social science tools to the analysis of case law surrounding 　discrimination against women in

(10) higher education employment Their studies have demonstrated how these 　social science tools may be used to serve the interests of scholars lawyers 　and prospective plaintiffs as well However their enthustasm for the outcomes 　analysts technique

(15) seems misguided

　　　Of fundamental concern is the outcomes analysts assumption that 　simply counting the number of successful and unsuccessful plaintiffs will be 　useful to prospective plaintiffs Although the odds are clearly

(20) against the plaintiff in sex discrimination cases, plaintiffs who believe that 　their cause is just and that they will prevail are not swayed by such evidence, 　In addition, because lawsuits are so different in the details of the case in the 　quality of the evidence the plantiff

(25) presents and in the attitude of the judge toward academic plaintiffs giving 　prospective plaintiffs statisties about overall outcomes without analyzing the 　reason for these outcomes is of marginal assistance Outcomes analysis for 　example ignores the fact that in

(30) certain academie sex discrimination cases—those mvolving serious 　procedural violations or meriminating evidence in the form of written 　admissions of discriminatory practices—plaintiffs are much more likely to 　prevail

(35) Two different approaches offer more useful applications of social science 　tools in analyzing sex discrimination cases One is a process called "policy 　capturing" in which the researcher reads each opinion identifies variables 　discussed in the opinion such as

(40) the regularity of employer evaluations of the plaintiff performance training of 　evaluatots and the kind of evaluation instrument used and then uses 　multrvariate analvsis to determine whether these variables predict the 　outcome of the lawsuit The advantage of ploicy

(45) capturing research is that it attempts to explain the reason for the 　outcome, rather than simply reporting the outcome and identifies factors that 　contribute to a plaintiff s success or failure Taking a slightly different 　approach, other scholars have adopted a technique that

(50) requires reading complete transcripts of all sex discrmination cases 　litigated during a certain time period to identify variables such as the nature of 　the allegedly illegal conduct the consequences for employers and teh nature 　of the remedy as well as the

(55) factors that contributed to the verdict and the kind of evidence necessary 　for the plaintiff to prevail While the findings of these studies are limited to the 　period covered they assist potential plaintiffs and defendants in assessing 　their cases

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