Time—35 minutes

　　24 Questions

　　Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However you are to choose the best answer that is me response that most accurately¹ and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible superfluous² or incompatible³ with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. Director of Ace⁴ Manufacturing Company: Our management consultant⁵ proposes that we reassign staff so that all employees are doing both what they like to do and what they do well. This, she says, will "increase productivity by fully⁶ exploiting our available resources." But Ace Manufacturing has a long-standing commitment not to exploit its workers. Therefore, implementing⁷ her recommendations would cause us to violate our own policy.
　　(A) failing to distinguish two distinct senses of a key term
(B) attempting to defend an action on the ground that it is frequently carried out

　　(C) defining a term by pointing to an atypical example of something to which the 　　term applies

　　(D) drawing a conclusion that simply restates one of the premises⁸ of the 　　argument

　　(E) calling something by a less offensive term than the term that is usually used 　　to name that thing

　　2. A large number of drivers routinely violate highway speed limits. Since driving at speeds that exceed posted limits is a significant factor in most accidents, installing devices in all cars that prevent those cars from traveling faster than the speed limit would prevent most accidents.

　　Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

　　(A) A person need not be a trained mechanic to install the device properly.

　　(B) Most accidents are caused by inexperienced drivers.

　　(C) A driver seldom needs to exceed the speed limit to avoid an accident when 　　none of the other drivers involved are violating the speed limit.
　(D) Most drivers who exceed the speed limit do so unintentionally.

　　(E) Even if the fines for speed-limit violations⁹ were increased, the number of 　　such violations would still not be reduced.

　　3. In a recession, a decrease in consumer spending causes many businesses to lay off workers or even to close, Workers who lose their jobs in a recession usually cannot find new jobs. The result is an increase in the number of people who are jobless. Recovery from a recession is defined by an increase in consumer spending and an expansion of business activity that creates a need for additional workers. But businesspeople generally have little confidence in the econnomy after a recession and therefore delay hiring additional workers as long as possible.

　　The statements above, if true, provide most support for which one of the following conclusions?

　　(A) Recessions are usually caused by a decrease in businesspeople’s 　　confidence in the economy.

　　(B) Governmental intervention¹⁰ is required in order for an economy to recover 　　from a recession.
　(C) Employees of businesses that close during a recession make up the 　　majority of the workers who lose their jobs during that recession.

　　(D) Sometimes recovery from a recession does not promptly¹¹ result in a 　　decrease in the number of people who are jobless.

　　(E) Workers who lose their jobs during a recession are likely to get equally 　　good jobs when the economy recovers.
　　4. Scientists analyzine air bubbles that had been trapped in Antarctic ice during the Earth’s last ice age found that the ice-age atmosphere had contained unusually large amounts of ferrous material and surprisingly small amounts of carbon dioxide. One scientist noted¹² that alage absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The scientist hypothesized that the ferrous material, which was contained in atmospheric¹³ dust, had promoted a great increase in the population of Antarctic algae¹⁴ such as diatoms.

　　Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the scientist’s hypothesis?

　　(A) Diatoms are a microscopie form of algae that has remained largely 　　unchanged since the last ice age.
　　(B) Computer mosels suggest that a large increase in ferrous material today 　　could greatly promote the growth of oceanic alage.

　　(C) The dust found in the air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice contained other 　　minerais in addition to the ferrous material.

　　(D) Sediment¹⁵ from the ocean floor near Antarctica refiects no increas, during 　　the last ice age, in the rate at which the shells that diatoms leave when 　　they die accumulated.

　　(E) Alage that currently grow in the oceans near Antarctica do not appear to be 　　harmed by even a large increase in exposure to ferrous material.

　　5. Adults who work outside the home spend, on average, 100 minutes less time each week in preparing dinner than adults who do not work outside the home. But, contrary to expectation, comparisons show that the dinners eaten at home by the two groups of adults do not differ significantly with respect to nutritional¹⁶ value, variety of menus, or number of courses.
　　Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy¹⁷ in the information above?
　　(A) The fat content of the dinners eaten at home by adults who do not work 　　outside the home is 25 percent higher than national guidelines recommend

　　(B) Adults who do not work outside the home tend to prepare breakfast more 　　often than adults who work outside the home.

　　(C) Adults who work outside the home spend 2 hours less time per day on all 　　household responsibilities, including dinner preparation, than do adults who 　　do not work outside the home.

　　(D) Adults who work outside the home eat dinner at do home 20 percent less 　　often than do adults who not work outside the home.

　　(E) Adults who work outside the home are less likely to plan dinner menus well 　　in advance than are adults who do not work outside the home.

　　The regulator responds to the legislator’s criticism by 

　　(A) shifting the blame for the scandals to the legislature 

　　(B) providing information that challenges the conclusion drawn¹⁸ by the legislator 

　　(C) claiming that compliance¹⁹ with the legislature’s mandate²⁰ would have been an 　　insufficient²¹ response 
　(D) repharasing the legislator’s conclusion in terms more favorable to the 　　regulator 

　　(E) showing that the legislator’s statements are self-contradictory. 

　　7. A commonly accepted myth is that left-handed people are more prone²² to cause accidents than are right-handed people. But this is, in fact, just a myth, as is indicated by the fact that more household accidents are caused by right-handed people than are caused by left-handed people. 

　　The reasoning is flawed because the argument. 

　　(A) makes a distinction where there is no real difference between the things 　　distinguished 

　　(B) takes no account of the relative frequency of left-handed people in the 　　population as a whole 

　　(C) uses the word "accidents" in two different senses 

　　(D) ignores the possibility that some hosehold accidents are caused by more 　　than one person 

　　(E) gives wholly irrelevant²³ evidence and simply disparages²⁴ an opposing position 　　by calling it a "myth". 
　　Questions 8-9 

　　Ornithologist²⁵: The curvature of the claws of modern tree-dwelling birds enables them to perch²⁶ in trees. The claws of Archeopteryx, the earlies known birdlike creature, show similar curvature that must have enabled the creature to perch on tree limbs. Therefore, Archeopteryx was probably a tree-dwelling creature. 

　　Paleontologist: No, the ability to perch in trees is not good evidence that Archeopteryx was a tree-dwelling bird.Chickens also spend time perched in trees, yet chickens are primarily ground-dwelling. 

　　8. In responding to the ornithologist’s hypothesis that Archeopteryx was tree-dwelling, the paleontologist 

　　(A) questions the qualifications of the ornithologist to evaluate the evidence 

　　(B) denies the truth of the claims the ornithologist makes in support of the 　　hypothesis 

　　(C) uses a parallel case to illustrate²⁷ a weakness in the ornithologist’s argument 

　　(D) shows that the hypothesis contradicts one of the pieces of evidence used to 　　support it 

　　(E) provides additional evidence to support the ornithologist’s argument 
　　9. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the ornithologist’s reasoning depends? 

　　(A) Modern tree-dwelling birds are the direct descendants of Archeopteryx. 

　　(B) Archeopteryx made use of the curvature of its claws. 

　　(C) There have never been tree-dwelling birds without curved claws. 

　　(D) Archeopteryx was in fact the earliest birdlike creature. 

　　(E) The curvature of the claws is the only available evidence for the laim that 　　Archeopteryx was tree-dwelling.

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