SECTION IV

　　Time-35 minutes

　　25 Questions

　　Directions： The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer； that is, the response that most accurately¹ and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense² standards implausible, superfluous³, or incompatible⁴ with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

　　1. People who accuse the postal⁵ service of incompetence⁶ and inefficiency⁸ while complaining of the proposed five-cent increase in postal rates do not know a bargain when they see one. Few experiences are more enjoyable than reading a personal letter from a friend. Viewed in this way, postal service is so underpriced that a five-cent increase is unworthy of serious debate.

　　The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument

　　（A） suggests that the postal service is both competent and efficient, but does not establish how competence⁷ and efficiency should be measured

　　（B） claims that the proposed increase is insignificant¹⁰ but does not say at what level the increase would be worthy⁹ of serious debate

　　（C） confuses the value of the object delivered with the value of delivering that object

　　（D） appeals to an outside authority for support of a premise¹¹ that should be established by argument

　　（E） fails to establish whether or not the critics of the postal service are employees of the postal service

　　2. When a study of aspirin¹²'s ability to prevent heart attacks in humans yielded positive results, researchers immediately submitted those results to a medical journal, which published them six weeks later. Had the results been published sooner, many of the heart attacks that occurred during the delay, could have been prevented.

　　The conclusion drawn¹³ above would be most undermined if it were true that

　　（A） the medical journal's staff worked overtime¹⁴ in order to publish the study's results as soon as possible

　　（B） studies of aspirin's usefulness in reducing heart attacks in laboratory animals remain inconclusive

　　（C） people who take aspirin regularly suffer a higher-than-average incidence of stomach ulcers¹⁵

　　（D） the medical journal's official policy is to publish articles only after an extensive review process

　　（E） a person's risk of suffering a heart attack drops only after that person has taken aspirin regularly for two years

　　3. It might seem that an airline could increase profits by reducing airfares on all its flights in order to encourage discretionary travel and thus fill planes. Offers of across-the board discount fares have, indeed, resulted in the sale of large numbers of reduced-price tickets. Nevertheless such offers have, in the past, actually cut the airline's profits.

　　Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy¹⁶ described above？

　　（A） Fewer than 10 percent of all air travelers make no attempt to seek out discount fares.

　　（B） Fares or trips between a large city and a small city are higher than those for trips between two large cities even when the distances involved are the same.

　　（C） Across-the-board discounts in fares tend to decrease revenues on flights that are normally filled, but they fail to attract passengers to unpopular flights.

　　（D） Only a small number of people who have never before traveled by air are persuaded to do so on the basis of across-the board discount fares.

　　（E） It is difficult to devise an advertising¹⁷ campaign that makes the public aware of across-the-board discount fares while fully¹⁸ explaining the restrictions¹⁹ applied²⁰ to those discount fares.

　　4. Only if the electorate²¹ is moral and intelligent will a democracy function well.

　　Which one of the following can be logically inferred from the claim above？

　　（A） If the electorate is moral and intelligent, then a democracy will function well.

　　（B） Either a democracy does not function well or else the electorate is not moral or not intelligent.

　　（C） If the electorate is not moral or not intelligent, then a democracy will not function well.

　　（D） If a democracy does not function well, then the electorate is not moral or not intelligent.

　　（E） It cannot, at the same time, be true that the electorate is moral and intelligent and that a democracy will not function well.

　　5. Infants younger than six months who have normal hearing can readily distinguish between acoustically²² similar sounds that are used as part of any language-not only those used in the language spoken by the people who raise them. Young adults can readily distinguish between such sounds only in languages that they regularly use. It is known that the physiological²³ capacity to hear begins to deteriorate²⁴ after infancy²⁵. So the observed difference in the abilities of infants and young adult to distinguish between acoustically similar speech sounds must be the result of the physiological deterioration²⁶ of hearing.

　　The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument

　　（A） sets an arbitrary cutoff point of six months for the age below which infants are able to distinguish acoustically similar speech sounds

　　（B） does not explain the procedures used to measure the abilities of two very different populations

　　（C） ignores the fact that certain types of speech sounds occur in almost all languages

　　（D） assumes that what is true of a group of people taken collectively is also true of any individual with that group

　　（E） takes a factor that might contribute to an explanation of the observed difference as a sufficient explanation for that difference

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