11. Some critics claim that it is unfair that so many great works of art are housed in huge metropolitan¹ museums, since the populations served by these museums already have access to a wide variety of important artwork. But this criticism is in principle unwarranted because the limited number of masterpieces makes wider distribution of them impractical². Besides, if a masterpiece is to be fully³ appreciated, it must be seen alongside other works that provide a social and historical context for it.

　　Which one of the following, if established, could most logically serve as the principle appealed to in the argument countering the critics' claim？

　　（A） In providing facilities to the public, the goal should be to ensure that as many as possible of those people who could benefit from the facilities are able to do so.

　　（B） In providing facilities to the public, the goal should be to ensure that the greatest possible number of people gain the greatest benefit possible from them.

　　（C） It is unreasonable⁴ to enforce a redistribution of social goods that involves depriving some members of society of these goods in order to supply others

　　（D） For it to be reasonable to criticize an arrangement as unfair, there must be a more equitable⁵ arrangement that is practically attainable⁶.

　　（E） A work of art should be displayed in conditions resembling as closely as possible those in which the work was originally intended to be displayed.

　　12. Some accountants calculate with simple adding machines, and some use complex computers. One can perform more calculations in less time with a computer than with an adding machine. Therefore, assuming the costs of using the two types of machines are equal, an accountant who uses a computer generally can earn more per hour than an accountant who uses an adding machine.

　　Which one of the following is an assumption that would make the conclusion in the passage a logical one？

　　（A） More accountants use computers than use adding machines.

　　（B） The more hours an accountant spends on the job, the more money he or she will earn.

　　（C） The more calculations an accountant performs, the more money he or she will earn.

　　（D） An accountant who uses an adding machine can charge a higher hourly rate than one who uses a computer.

　　（E） In general, accountants vary in terms of the number of calculations they make and the amount of money they earn.

　　13. This summer, Jennifer, who has worked at KVZ Manufacturing for just over three years, plans to spend with her family the entire four weeks of paid vacation to which she is entitled this year. Anyone who has worked at KVZ Manufacturing for between one and four years is automatically entitled to exactly three weeks paid vacation each year but can apply up to half of any vacation time that remains⁷ unused at the end of one year to the next year's vacation.

　　If the statements above are all true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them？

　　（A） Jennifer did not use two weeks of the paid vacation time to which she was entitled past year.

　　（B） If Jennifer continues to work for KVZ Manufacturing, she will only be entitled to three weeks paid vacation next year.

　　（C） The majority of KVZ's employees use each year all of the paid vacation time to which they are entitled.

　　（D） Last year Jennifer took only one week of the paid vacation time to which she was entitled.

　　（E） KVZ Manufacturing sometimes allows extra vacation time to employees who need to spend more time with their families.

　　14. A careful review of hospital fatalities⁸ due to anesthesia during the last 20 years indicates that the most significant safety improvements resulted from better training of anesthetists. Equipment that monitors a patient's oxygen and carbon dioxide levels was not available in most operating rooms during the period under review. Therefore, the increased use of such monitoring equipment in operating rooms will not significantly cut fatalities due to anesthesia.

　　A flaw in the argument is that

　　（A） the evidence cited to show that one factor led to a certain result is not sufficient to show that a second factor will not also lead to that result

　　（B） the reasons given in support of the conclusion presuppose the truth of that conclusion

　　（C） the evidence cited to show that a certain factor was absent when a certain result occurred does not show that the absence of that factor caused that result

　　（D） the evidence cited in support of the conclusion is inconsistent with other information that is provided.

　　（E） the reason indicated for the claim that one event caused a second more strongly supports the claim that both events were independent effects of a third event

　　15. New types of washing machines designed to consume less energy also extract less water from laundry during their final spin cycles than do washing machines that consume somewhat more energy. The wetter the laundry, the more energy required to dry it in an automatic dryer⁹. Thus using these new types of washing machines could result in an overall increase in the energy needed to wash and dry a load of laundry.

　　In which one of the following is the pattern of reasoning most parallel to that in the argument above？

　　（A） The more skill required to operate a machine, the harder it is to find people able to do it, and thus the more those people must be paid. Therefore, if a factory installs machines that require highly skilled operators, it must be prepared to pay higher wages.

　　（B） There are two routes between Centerville and Mapletown, and the scenic¹⁰ route is the longer route. Therefore, a person who is not concerned with how long it will take to travel between Centerville and Mapletown will probably take the scenic route.

　　（C） The more people who work in the library's reading room, the noisier the room becomes； and the noisier the working environment, the less efficiently¹¹ people work. Therefore, when many people are working in the reading room, those people are working less efficiently.

　　（D） Pine is a less expensive wood than cedar¹² but is more susceptible¹³ to rot. Outdoor furniture made from wood susceptible to rot must be painter with more expensive paint. Therefore, builder outdoor furniture from pine rather than cedar could increase the total cost of building and painting the furniture.

　　（E） The more weights added to an exercise machine, the greater the muscle strength needed to work out on the machine. Up to a point, using more muscle strength can make a person stronger. Thus an exercise machine with more weights can, but does not necessarily, make a person stronger

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