SECTION I

　　Time-35minutes

　　25 Questions

　　Directions： The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However. You are to choose the best answer； that is, the response that most accurately¹ and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense² standards implausible, superfluous³, or incompatible⁴ with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

　　1. Something must be done to ease traffic congestion⁵. In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived ； but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential⁶ areas. People cannot avoid traveling long distances each day. Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways where the maximum speed averages only 35 miles per hour.

　　Which one of the following proposals is most supported by the statements above？

　　（A） The maximum speed limit on major highways should be increased.

　　（B） People who now travel on major highways should be encouraged to travel on secondary roads instead.

　　（C） Residents of the remaining traditional small towns should be encouraged to move to the suburbs.

　　（D） Drivers who travel well below the maximum speed limit on major highways should be fined.

　　（E） New businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to where their workers would live.

　　2. College professor： College students do not write nearly as well as they used to. Almost all of the paper that my students have done for me this year have been poorly written and ungrammatical.

　　Which one of the following is the most serious weakness in the argument made by the professor？

　　（A） It requires confirmation⁷ that the change in the professor's students is representative of a change among college students in general.

　　（B） It offers no proof to the effect that the professor is an accurate judge of writing ability.

　　（C） It does not take into account the possibility that the professor is a poor teacher.

　　（D） It fails to present contrary evidence.

　　（E） It fails to define its terms sufficiently⁸.

　　Questions 3-4

　　Mayor of Plainsville： In order to help the economy of Plainsville, I am using some of our tax revenues to help bring a major highway through the town and thereby⁹ attract new business to Plainsville.

　　Citizens' group： You must have interests other than our economy in mind. If you were really interested in helping¹⁰ our economy, you would instead allocate¹¹ the revenues to building a new business park. Since it would bring in twice the business that your highway would.

　　3. The argument by the citizens； group relies on which one of the following assumptions？

　　（A） Plainsville presently has no major highways running through it.

　　（B） The mayor accepts that a new business park would bring in more new business than would the new highway.

　　（C） The new highway would have no benefits for Plainsville other than attracting new business.

　　（D） The mayor is required to get approval for all tax revenue allocation plans from the city council.

　　（E） Plainsville's economy will not be helped unless a new business park of the sort envisioned by the citizens' group is built.

　　4. Which one of the following principles, if accepted, would most help the citizens' group to justify¹² drawing its conclusion that the mayor has in mind interests other than Plainsville's economy？

　　（A） Anyone really pursuing a cause will choose the means that that person believes will advance the cause the farthest.

　　（B） Any goal that includes helping the economy of a community will require public revenues in order to be achieved.

　　（C） Anyone planning to use resources collected from a group must consult the members of the group before using the resources.

　　（D） Any cause worth committing oneself to must include specific goals toward which one ca work.

　　（E） Any cause not pursued by public officials, if it is to be pursued at all, must be pursued by members of the community.

　　5. Recently, highly skilled workers in Eastern Europe have left jobs in record numbers to emigrate to the West. It is therefore likely that skilled workers who remain in Eastern Europe are in high demand in their home countries.

　　Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument？

　　（A） Eastern European factories prefer to hire workers from their home countries rather than to import workers from abroad.

　　（B） Major changes in Eastern European economic structures have led to the elimination¹³ of many positions previously¹⁴ held by the highly skilled emigrants¹⁵.

　　（C） Many Eastern European emigrants need to acquire new skills after finding work in the West.

　　（D） Eastern European countries plan to train many new workers to replace the highly skilled workers who have emigrated.

　　（E） Because of the departure of skilled workers from Eastern European countries, many positions are now unfilled.

　　6. Historian： Alexander the Great should not be judged by appeal to current notions of justice. Alexander, an ancient figure of heroic stature¹⁶, should be judged by the standards of his own culture. That is, did he live up to his culture's ideals of leadership？ Did Alexander elevate the contemporary standards of justice？ Was he, in his day, judged to be a just and wise ruler？

　　Student： But you cannot tell whether or not Alexander raised the contemporary standards of justice without invoking¹⁷ standards other than those of his own culture.

　　Which one of the following argumentative strategies does the student use in responding to the historian？

　　（A） arguing that applying the historian's principle would require a knowledge of the past that is necessarily inaccessible¹⁸ to current scholarship

　　（B） attempting to undermine the historian's principle by showing that some of its consequences are inconsistent with each other

　　（C） showing that the principle the historian invokes¹⁹, when applied²⁰ to Alexander, does not justify the assertion that he was heroic

　　（D） questioning the historian's motivation for determining whether a standard of behavior has been raised or lowered

　　（E） claiming that one of the historian's criteria²¹ for judging Alexander is inconsistent with the principle that the historian has advanced

　　Question 7——8

　　Two paleontologists, Dr Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation²² of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic²³ ash at site G. Dr. Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics： a squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot. Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson's conclusion.

　　7. The disagreement between the two paleontologists is over which one of the following？

　　（A） the relative significance of various aspects of the evidence

　　（B） the assumption that early hominid footprints are distinguishable from other footprints

　　（C） the possibility of using the evidence of footprints to determine the gait of the creature that made those footprints

　　（D） the assumption that evidence from one paleontologic site is enough to support a conclusion

　　（E） the likelihood that early hominids would have walked upright on two feet

　　8. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines Dr. Tyson's conclusion？

　　（A） The foot prints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at least two distinct individuals.

　　（B） Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe.

　　（C） Footprints shaped like a human's that do not show a cross-stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous.

　　（D） When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening, some details of some of the footprints were erased²⁴.

　　（E） Most of the other footprints at site G were of animals with hooves.

　　9. It is not known whether bovine²⁵ spongiform encephalopathy （BSE）, a disease of cattle invariably deadly to them, can be transmitted directly from one infected animal to another at all stages of the infection. If it can be, there is now a reservoir of infected cattle incubating the disease. There are no diagnostic tests to identify infected animals before the animals show overt²⁶ symptoms. Therefore, if such direct transmission occurs, the disease cannot be eradicated²⁷ by ____

　　Which one of the following best completes the argument？

　　（A） removing from the herd and destroying any diseased animal as soon as it shows the typical symptoms of advanced BSE

　　（B） developing a drug that kills the agent that cause BSE, and then treating with that drug all cattle that might have the disease

　　（C） destroying all cattle in areas where BSE occurs and raising cattle only in areas to which BSE is known not to have spread

　　（D） developing a vaccine that confers lifelong immunity against BSE and giving it to all cattle, destroying in due course all those animals for which the vaccine protection came too late

　　（E） developing a diagnostic test that does identify any infected animal and destroying all animals found to be infected

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