19. Because a large disparity in pay between the public and private sectors² has developed in recent years, many experienced and extremely capable government administrators³ have quit their posts and taken positions in private-sector¹ management. Government will be able to recapture these capable administrators by raising salaries to a level comparable to those of the private sector. In that way, the functioning of public agencies will be improved.

　　The position taken above presupposes which one of the following？

　　（A） Experience gained from private-sector management will be very valuable in government administration.

　　（B） The most important factor determining how well government agencies function is the amount of experience the administrators have.

　　（C） Unless government action is taken, the disparity in pay between government administration and private-sector management will continue to increase.

　　（D） People who moved from jobs in government administration to private-sector management would choose to change careers again.

　　（E） If the disparity in pay between government administration and private-sector management increases, administrators will move to the public sector in large numbers.

　　20. Politician： Homelessness is a serious social problem, but further government spending to provide low-income housing is not the cure for homelessness. The most cursory⁴ glance at the real-estate section of any major newspaper is enough to show that there is no lack of housing units available to rent. So the frequent claim that people are homeless because of a lack of available housing is wrong.

　　That homelessness is a serious social problem figures in the argument in which one of the following ways？

　　（A） It suggests an alternative perspective to the one adopted in the argument.

　　（B） It sets out a problem the argument is designed to resolve.

　　（C） It is compatible either with accepting the conclusion or with denying it.

　　（D） It summarizes a position the argument as a whole is directed toward discrediting⁵.

　　（E） It is required in order to establish the conclusion.

　　21. Leona： If the average consumption of eggs in the United States were cut in half, an estimated 5,000 lives might be saved each year.

　　Thomas： How can that be？ That would mean that if people adopt this single change in diet for ten years, the population ten years from now will be greater by 50,000 people than it otherwise would have been.

　　Which one of the following is a statement that Leona could offer Thomas to clarify her own claim and to address the point he has made？

　　（A） It is possible for the population to grow by 5,000 people for every year if the base year chosen for purposes of comparison is one with unusually low population growth.

　　（B） It is accurate to say that 5,000 lives have been saved as long as 5,000 people who would have died in a given year as a result of not changing their diet, did not do so–even if they died for some other reason.

　　（C） If egg consumption were reduced by more than half, the estimated number of lives saved each year could be even more than 5,000.

　　（D） The actual rate of population growth depends not only on the birth rate, but also on changes in life expectancy⁶.

　　（E） For the average consumption of eggs to be cut by half, many individual consumers would have to cut their own consumption by much more than half.

　　22. The United States Food and Drug Administration （FDA） regulates the introduction of new therapeutic⁷ agents into the marketplace. Consequently, it plays a critical role in improving health care in the United States. While it is those in the academic and government research communities who engage in the long process of initial discovery and clinical testing of new therapeutic agents, it is the FDA's role and responsibility to facilitate the transfer of new discoveries from the laboratory to the marketplace. Only after the transfer can important new therapies help patients.

　　Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the passage？

　　（A） The FDA is responsible for ensuring that any therapeutic agent that is marketed is then regulated.

　　（B） Before new therapeutic agents reach the marketplace they do not help patients.

　　（C） The research community is responsible for the excessively long testing period for new drugs, not the FDA.

　　（D） The FDA should work more closely with researchers to ensure that the quality of therapeutic agents is maintained.

　　（E） If a new medical discovery has been transferred from the laboratory to the marketplace, it will help patients.

　　23. In a new program, automobile⁸ owners in some neighborhoods whose cars are not normally driven between 1 A.M. and 5 A.M. can display a special decal in the cars' windows and authorize⁹ police to stop the cars during those hours to check the drivers' licenses¹⁰. The theft rate for cars bearing such decals is much lower than had been usual for cars in those neighborhoods.

　　If it is concluded from the statements above that automobile theft has been reduced by the program, which one of the following would it be most important to answer in evaluating that conclusion？

　　（A） Are owners who are cautious enough to join the program taking other special measures to protect their cars against theft？

　　（B） In how many neighborhoods is the police program operating？

　　（C） Are cars in neighborhoods that are actively¹¹ participating in the program sometimes stolen during daylight hours？

　　（D） Will owners who have placed decals on their cars' windows but who find it necessary to drive between 1 A.M. and 5 A.M. be harassed¹² by police？

　　（E） Are the neighborhoods in which the program has been put into effect a representative cross section of neighborhoods with respect to the types of automobiles¹³ owned by residents？

　　24. It has been claimed that an action is morally good only if it benefits another person and was performed with that intention； whereas an action that harms another person is morally bad either if such harm was intended or if reasonable forethought would have shown that the action was likely to cause harm.

　　Which one of the following judgments¹⁴ most closely confirms to the principle cited above？

　　（A） Pamela wrote a letter attempting to cause trouble between Edward and his friends； this action of Pamela's was morally bad, even though the letter, in fact, had an effect directly opposite from the one intended.

　　（B） In order to secure a promotion¹⁵, Jeffery devoted¹⁶ his own time to resolving a backlog¹⁷ of medical benefits claims； Jeffrey's action was morally good since it alone enabled Sara's claim to be processed in time for her to receive much-needed treatment.

　　（C） Intending to help her elderly neighbor by clearing his walkway after a snowstorm, Teresa inadvertently left ice on his steps； because of this exposed ice, her neighbor had a bad fall, thus showing that morally good actions can have bad consequences.

　　（D） Marilees, asked by a homeless man for food, gave the man her own sandwich； however, because the man tried to talk while he was eating the sandwich, it caused him to choke, and thus Marilees unintentionally performed a morally bad action.

　　（E） Jonathan agreed to watch his three-year-old niece while she played but, becoming engrossed in conversion, did not see her run into the street where she was hit by a bicycle； even though he intended no harm, Jonathan's action was morally bad

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