22. For the writers who first gave feudalism its name, the existence of feudalism presupposed the existence of a noble class. Yet there cannot be a noble class, properly speaking, unless both the titles that indicate superior, noble status and the inheritance of such titles are sanctioned by law. Although feudalism existed in Europe as early as the eighth century, it was not until the twelfth century, when many feudal¹ institutions were in decline, that the hereditary² transfer of legally recognized titles of nobility first appeared.

　　The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following claims？

　　（A） To say that feudalism by definition requires the existence of a nobility is to employ a definition that distorts history.

　　（B） Prior to the twelfth century, the institution of European feudalism functioned without the presence of a dominant³ class.

　　（C） The fact that a societal group has a distinct legal status is not in itself sufficient to allow that group to be properly considered a social class.

　　（D） The decline of feudalism in Europe was the only cause of the rise of a European nobility.

　　（E） The prior existence of feudal institutions is a prerequisite⁴ for the emergence⁵ of a nobility, as defined in the strictest sense of the term.

　　23. Mayor Smith, one of our few government officials with a record of outspoken⁶, informed, and consistent opposition⁷ to nuclear power plant construction projects, has now declared herself in favor of building the nuclear power plant at Littletown. If someone with her past antinuclear record now favors building this power plant, then there is good reason to believe that it will be safe and therefore should be built.

　　The argument is vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds？

　　（A） It overlooks the possibility that not all those who fail to speak out on issues of nuclear power are necessarily opposed to it.

　　（B） It assumes without warrant that the qualities enabling a person to be elected to public office confer on that person a grasp of the scientific principles on which technical decisions are based.

　　（C） It fails to establish that a consistent and outspoken opposition is necessarily an informed opposition.

　　（D） It leads to the further but unacceptable conclusion that any project favored by Mayor Smith should be sanctioned simply on the basis of her having spoken out in favor of it.

　　（E） It gives no indication of either the basis of Mayor Smith's former opposition to nuclear power plant construction or the reasons for her support for the Littletown project.

　　24. Advertisement： In today's world, you make a statement about the person you are by the car you own. The message of the SKX Mach-5 is unambiguous： Its owner is Dynamic, Aggressive, and Successful. Shouldn't you own an SKX Mach-5？

　　If the claims made in the advertisement are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them？

　　（A） Anyone who is dynamic and aggressive is also successful.

　　（B） Anyone who is not both dynamic and successful would misrepresent himself or herself by being the owner of an SKX Mach-5.

　　（C） People who buy the SKX Mach-5 are usually more aggressive than people who buy other cars.

　　（D） No car other than the SKX Mach-5 announces that its owner is successful.

　　（E） Almost no one would fail to recognize the kind of person who would choose to own an SKX Mach-5.

　　25. The great medieval universities had no administrators⁸, yet they endured for centuries. Our university has a huge administrative⁹ staff, and we are in serious financial difficulties. Therefore, we should abolish the positions and salaries of the administrators to ensure the longevity¹⁰ of the university.

　　Which one of the following arguments contains flawed reasoning that most closely parallels the flawed reasoning in the argument above？

　　（A） No airplane had jet engines before 1940, yet airplanes had been flying since 1903. Therefore, jet engines are not necessary for the operation of airplanes.

　　（B） The novelist's stories began to be accepted for publication soon after she started using a computer to write them. You have been having trouble getting your stories accepted for publication, and you do not use a computer. To make sure your stories are accepted for publication, then, you should write them with the aid of a computer.

　　（C） After doctors began using antibiotics¹¹, the number of infections among patients dropped drastically. Now, however, resistant¹² strains of bacteria cannot be controlled by standard antibiotics. Therefore, new methods of control are needed.

　　（D） A bicycle should not be ridden without a helmet. Since a good helmet can save the rider's life, a helmet should be considered the most important piece of bicycling equipment.

　　（E） The great cities of the ancient world were mostly built along waterways. Archaeologists searching for the remains of such cities should therefore try to determine where major rivers used to run

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