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三、形容词(adj.)表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用 四、副词(adv.)表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子 (一)形容词的用法及位置 1.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前。 Eg. She has short hair.(作定语) Paul is tall.(作表语) We must keep our room clean.(作宾补) 2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。 eg.She has something important2 to tell us./ There’s nothing wrong in the sentence3. (二)副词的种类、用法及位置 1.副词的种类 (1)时间副词 ①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,sO faf ②表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never ③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally (2)地点副词 ①表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere ②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past (3)方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully4,carelessly5,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly (4)程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly (5)疑问副词构成特殊疑问句:how,when, where,why (6)连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句:how,when,where,why (7)关系副词引导定语从句:when,where,why (8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),first of all(首先)等。 2.副词的用法及位置 (1)修饰动词作状语 ①多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。 eg.The farmers are working hard in the field6. She speaks English well. The nurse looks after the babies carefully. ②频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后。 eg.He always goes to school On foot. She was7 often late for school. I have never been to Beijing· (2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前。 eg.He has a very nice watch. The box is too heavy. (3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前。 eg.She paints quite well. You speak too fast.I can’t understand you. (4)作表语,放在系动词后。 (5)作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后。 (6)作定语,放在名词之后。 eg.There is a man:here On vacation10. (7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps11,first,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首。 eg.Finally,I finished12 the work. Perhaps he’s watching TV at home. (8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。 eg. He is old enough to go to school. (三)形容词和副词的比较等级 1.比较级、最高级的构成 (1)单音节和少数双音节词 ①一般在词尾加er或est great--greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest ②以e结尾的只加r或st nice——nicer----nicest,large——larger—largest. ③以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变y为i,再加er或est heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest, busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,early——earlier→earliest ④以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加er或est big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—)fatter→fattest,ht—)fitter→fittest (2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more为比较级,加(the)most为最高级 careful→more careful——most careful useful13——more useful——most useful popular14→more popular→most popular carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly (3)不规则变化的词 good/well→better→best bad/ill/badly→worse→worst many/much→more→most little→less→least old→older/elder→oldest(指年龄大小)/eldest(指长幼顺序) far→farther/further→farthest(指距离)/furthest(指程度) 2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法 (1)形容词和副词比较级的用法 ①用于两者比较,表示“比…更…”: “A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B, eg.I am two years older than my little sister. “A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B: eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students. ②用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“…和…一样”: eg.Bill15 is as funny as his father. “A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B” eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily16. ③表示甲在某方面不如乙: “A+系动词+notas/so+形容i司原级+as十B” eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those. “A+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS/SO+B” eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does. ④表示某个范围内的两者相比: “A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)” eg.Penny17 is the taller of the two girls.Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。 ⑤表示“越来越…”:“比较级+and+比较级” eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer.在春天,白天变得越来越长。 ⑥表示“越…越…”:“the+比较级…the+比较级” eg.The mort:you practice18 using English,the better you’ll learn it你英语练得越多,就会学得越好。 ①可以用much,far,even19,a bit,a little,a lot等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰。 eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一点; it is even colder today than yesterday。今天甚至比昨天更冷 ⑧在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。 eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown20.这儿比我的老家热得多。 The pants21 in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。 (3)形容词和副词最高级的用法 对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词最高级前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可带of/in短浯来说明比较范围: “主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语/in短语” eg.She is the youngest Of all. “A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of短语/in短语” eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.
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