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推测词义是应用英语的重要能力,也是考试有的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,掌握或认识较多的课外词汇,学会顺藤摸瓜,通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。下面介绍几种猜词的方法:
①定义法,即通过文章中对生词的定义确定其词义,如: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子给予annealing 以明确的定义,即"退火"。再如: It will be very hard but also very brittle1-that is, it will break easily. 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是"脆的、容易折断的"意思。又如: The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定语从句中 looks after sheep表明了herdsman 的词义为"牧羊人"。 ②同位法,即通过句子中的同位成分如同位语、同位语从句、破折号后的词组或语句来确定词义, 如: They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义,即"城堡"。 We are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是"夜班"的意思。 ③对比法,即通过同义、反义或转折词的关系来确定词义, 如: She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表转折,因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天"第一节上了一半才来",因此反向推理,可得出她平时一向"准时"的结论。 ④构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等),即运用词根、词缀的意义判断词义,如: Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是"可能性"。 ⑤因果法,即运用因果关系和因果词如so, because, therefore, hence等来判断词义,如: The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果"永远不能再运动"中,可以推测 permanent 的意思为"永远的,永久的"。 点击收听单词发音
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