surging—— To increase suddenly. Used of electric current or voltage猛增=accelerating
    surpass—— To be or go beyond， as in degree or quality； exceed胜过=exceed， outrun
    sustain—— To keep in existence； maintain继续生存；维持=maintain
    sustenance—— Something， especially food， that sustains life or health营养物，尤指食物=fare Food and drink； diet食物和饮料
    Means of livelihood生计=livelihood
    supplement——Something added to complete a thing， make up for a deficiency， or extend or strengthen the whole补充物，用来完成某事、补充不足、扩展或加强=extension
    An addition that increases the area， influence， operation， or contents of something扩大
    supreme——Greatest in importance， degree， significance， character， or achievement最重要的=outstanding
    succinct——Characterized by clear， precise expression in few words； concise¹ and terse简明的=concise
    sufficient——Being as much as is needed充足的=adequate
    sumptuous——Of a size or splendor² suggesting great expense； lavish豪华的；花费奢侈的=luxurious
    substantial——Considerable in importance， value， degree， amount， or extent有重大价值的=considerable Worthy³ of consideration； significant重要的
    substitute——One that takes the place of another； a replacement代用品=replacement， in place of代替
    subsidize——To assist or support with a subsidy以津贴补助=finance To supply funds to给…提供资金
    subtle——So slight as to be difficult to detect or analyze⁴； elusive纤细的，细小的=slight
    submit——提出，提交=present提出；呈递
    subsidy——Monetary assistance granted by a government to a person orsgroupsin support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest补助金=financing融通资金
    subject to ——在……条件下；易受……的侵袭；受控制=expose to， susceptible⁵ to
    stretch——A continuous or unbroken length， area， or expanse连续不断的长度，地区或空间=span The extent or measure of space between two points or extremities⁶， as of a bridge or roof； the breadth跨度两点或两端间的空间
    strike——To engage in a strike against an employer罢工=walkout
    To come to； attain来到；到达= make contact with
    striking—— Arresting the attention and producing a vivid impression on the sight or the mind.惹人注目的=prominent Immediately noticeable； conspicuous显眼的
    stringent—— Imposing⁷ rigorous standards of performance； severe严格的=strict
    stimulus—— Something that incites⁹ or rouses to action； an incentive激发物=motivate
    strain ——To pull， draw， or stretch tight拉紧=tension The act or process of stretching something tight拉紧
    stationary—— Not capable of being moved； fixed不能被移动的；固定的=fixed， immobile
    status——Position relative to that of others； standing地位=standing
    sticky——shavingsthe property of adhering or sticking to a surface； adhesive粘的=adhere， cement
    staple—— A basic or principal element or feature主要成分，基本成分=basic element
    squirt—— To issue forth¹⁰ in a thin forceful stream or jet； spurt喷=spurt out v.喷出
    staggering—— Causing great astonishment¹¹， amazement¹²， or dismay； overwhelming令人大为吃惊、惊讶或沮丧的；使束手无策的=overwhelming
    spur—— To incite⁸ or stimulate刺激，鞭策=stimulate
    speculate about—— To assume to be true without conclusive¹³ evidence推测=hypothesize To assert as a hypothesis假设
    spinal¹⁴——Of， relating to， or situated¹⁵ near the spine¹⁶ or spinal cord； vertebral脊柱的=backbone
    spark—— To set in motion； activate发动；触发=bring about引起；致使；造成；达成
    spawn—— To give rise to； engender造成；使产生=create
    solemn—— Deeply earnest， serious， and sober庄严的，极认真的，严肃的=serious
    slope——declivity A downward slope， as of a hill斜坡
    smother—— To suffocate¹⁷ （another）使窒息=eliminate To get rid of； remove消灭；消除
    snap—— To pull apart or break with a snapping sound折断=break
    signify—— To denote； mean表示…的意思=denote
    simultaneously——同时存在[发生]地=concurrently同时发生的，并存的；合作的
    skepticism—— A doubting or questioning attitude or state of mind； dubiety怀疑态度=doubt
    shield—— To protect or defend with or as if with a shield； guard保护、防卫=protect
    secrete—— To conceal¹⁸ in a hiding place； cache躲藏=produce？？#p#

scarce—— Hard to find； absent or rare难得的；缺少的或罕见的=rare
    scores—— A composition written for a musical comedy配乐=musical compositions音乐作品
    scent—— A perfume香水=perfume
    scale—— To climb up or over； ascend攀登=climb
    sanitation—— Formulation and application of measures designed to protect public health.
    卫生措施=health
    tremendous—— Extremely large in amount， extent， or degree； enormous巨大的=huge， greatly
    trend—— A general tendency or inclination趋向=tendency
    trap—— A contrivance for catching¹⁹ and holding animals， as a concealed²⁰ pit or a clamp like device that springs shut suddenly陷阱=entomb To place in or as if in a tomb or grave埋葬
    trace—— A visible mark， such as a footprint， made or left by the passage of a person， an animal， or a thing痕迹=imprint， residue²¹ The remainder of something after removal of parts or a part残留物
    textile—— A cloth， especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting； a fabric纺织品=cloth， fabric
    terrestrial—— Of， relating to， or composed of land陆地的=land
    terrain—— An area of land； ground地区；地带=land
    tedium—— The quality or condition of being tedious； tediousness or boredom单调乏味=tiresome
    temporarily—— Lasting²²， used， serving， or enjoyed for a limited time在有限的时间内持续地、被使用、发挥作用=makeshift A temporary or expedient²³ substitute for something else.
    权宜之计，暂时或临时替代其它事物的东西
    usher—— To precede and introduce； inaugurate宣告，展示介绍；开始，开创=begin
    unrestricted—— adj.无限制的，自由的=unlimited
    unsubstantiated——未经证实的，未经证明的=unverified未经证实的，未经核对的
    unravel—— To separate and clarify the elements of （something mysterious or baffling）； solve分散并澄清=discover
    undoubtedly——确实，无疑地，必定=unquestionably不成问题的；无可非议的；无可指责的
    undergo—— To pass through； experience经过；经历=experience
    unadorned—— Without adornment²⁴ or embellishment； simple or plain未加装饰的；简单的，朴素的=plain
    venerable—— Commanding respect by virtue²⁵ of age， dignity， character， or position值得敬重的，令人崇敬的=worship Ardent²⁶ devotion； adoration²⁷.热烈的崇拜；崇敬
    variable—— Likely to change or vary； subject to variation； changeable易变的=unstable
    vivid—— Evoking lifelike images within the mind； heard， seen， or felt as if real生动的=graphic Described in vivid detail生动细致地描写的
    witness—— To take note of； observe作记录；观察=observe
    yield—— To give forth by or as if by a natural process， especially by cultivation生产=provide， produce
    Supplements
    adjunct-addition辅助-附加
    coarse-rough粗糙-粗糙
    collectively-together共同的-一起
    conclusive-definitive最后的，结论性的-最后的，确定性的
    concomitant with-in conjunction with与…相一致-与…相一致
    condone-mercy宽恕-宽恕
    conflict-opposition冲突-相反
    considerable-great（数量、程度）巨大的-巨大的
    considerable-much大量的-大量的，坚实的
    considerable-substantial大量的-大量的，坚实的
    consort-associate合伙人，伴侣-合伙人，伙伴
    consult-counsel商量-商量
    contemporary-existing当代的-现存的
    customary-usual习俗的-一般的
    dampen-moisten使潮湿-使潮湿
    daring-bold大胆的-大胆的
    demand-order要求-命令
    demonstrate-show证明-显示
    dirt-soil土壤-土壤
    disaster-catastrophe灾祸-大灾祸
    discreet-careful谨慎的-小心的
    disseminate-spread/impart/inform传播-散布/传播/传播#p#

distinct-different截然不同的-不同的
    distinct-obvious明显的-明显的
    distinct-separate分别的，截然不同的-分离的
    distinction-difference区别-差别
    draw-attract吸引-吸引
    embrace-welcome（欣然）接受-欢迎
    embrace-recipient接受者-接受者，收件人
    enable-allow使能够-允许
    end-goal目的-目的
    entomb-trap埋葬-使陷于…之中
    eradicate-eliminate根除-清除
    execute-create（按计划和设计）做成，制成-创造
    expedient-makeshift权宜之计-权宜之计
    exponential leaps-rapid increases几何级数般的跳跃-快速增加
    expose-uncover揭露-揭露
    first rank-highest quality顶级的-最高档次的
    fixture-commonplace object固定设备-常规物体
    flatter-compliment奉承-赞美
    frame-pose给…设框-使摆好姿势
    fundamental-basic基本的-基本的
    glow-shine发光-发光
    hard-firm坚硬的-坚硬的
    hemisphere-side半球-一侧
    incise-carve切割-雕刻
    ingot-a block of metal金属锭-一块金属
    initially-at first最初-第一
    instance-case案例-案例
    instantaneous-immediate立杆见影的-立即的
    intervention-influence干涉-影响
    inviting-attractive吸引人的-吸引人的
    lament-complain about令人对…感到遗憾-抱怨
    lure-attract引诱-吸引
    maneuver-trick策略，花招-诡计
    margin-edge边缘-边缘
    meticulous-careful谨小慎微的，过分注意细节的-小心的
    milestone-significant development里程碑-重大的发展
    minuscule-tiny微小的-微小的
    minute-tiny微小的-微小的
    monopolize-dominate垄断-支配
    moreover-furthermore进一步说-进一步说
    mundane-ordinary世俗的-平常的
    myriad of-many无数的-许多的
    nevertheless-however然而-然而
    novel-innovative新颖的-创新的

outline-summarization概要-概述
    outstanding-excellent出类拔萃的-很好的
    peak-maximum顶峰-最大值
    peculiar-distinctive独特的-独特的
    pertinent-relevant相关的-相关的
    phenomenon-event现象-事件
    pick up-follow沿着-沿着
    picture-imagine/describe想象，描写-想象/描写
    ponder-meditate沉思-沉思
    ponderous-heavy笨重的-沉重的
    pore-hole孔-洞
    position-location位置-位置
    potential-possible潜在的-可能的
    prefer-favor倾向，喜欢-喜欢
    preoccupation-involvement全神贯注-全神贯注
    preside over-manage掌管-掌管
    prominent-prestigious卓越的-著名的
    rapid-swift快速的-迅速的
    rather-instead相反-相反
    readily-easily容易地-容易地
    realization-awareness认识到-认识到
    reap-gain收获-获得
    reckless-irresponsible不负责任的-不负责任的
    relate-connect与…有关-与…有关
    reliance-dependence依靠-依靠
    remarkable-extraordinary非凡的-非凡的
    roll back-reduce把…压到标准水平-降低，减少
    roughly-approximately大约-大概
    secure-acquire弄到，获得-获得
    secure-safe安全的-安全的
    set-establish设置-建立
    settle-locate定居-坐落
    shy away from-avoid躲避-躲避
    since-because因为-因为
    site-location地点-位置
    skilled-expert熟练的-熟练的
    skyrocket-increase rapidly快速上升-迅速增加
    sole-only唯一的-唯一的
    sort out-separate区分-分离
    spot-identify发现-确定，鉴别
    story-tale故事-故事
    strategy-scam/trick诡计-诡计/诡计
    strength-basis力量的源泉-基础
    stress-emphasize强调-强调
    stringent-strict严格的-严格的
    struggle-competition挣扎-竞争
    succinct-concise/terse简短的-简明的/简短的
    supposed-seeming假定的-表面上的
    supremacy-dominance至高无上-优势
    suspend-hang悬挂-悬挂
    tangle-twist/jumble纠缠-缠绕、使混乱
    tempting-attractive吸引人的-吸引人的
    thankful-grateful感谢-感激
    uniform-integrate统一-整合
    unique-particular独一无二的-独特的
    vary-differ改变-与…不同
    vast-large宽广的，巨大的-巨大的
    vibrate-convulse震动-震动
    vigilant-alert警惕的-警惕的
    virtually-actually/practically/almost实质上（几乎）-实际上（几乎）/实际上（几乎）/几乎