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Question 1-8

Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War,with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains¹ of transportation,manufacturing,and trade and distribution.The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed,volume,and regularity² of shipments and communications,making possible a fundamental transformation³ in the production and distribution of goods.

In agriculture,the transformation was marked by the emergence⁴ of the grain elevators,the cotton presses,the warehouses,and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy⁵ against them.In manufacturing,the transformation was marked by the emergence of a "new factory system"in which plants became larger,more complex,and more systematically⁶ organized and managed.And in distribution,the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber,the wholesaler,and the mass retailer⁷.These changes radically⁸ altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870and 1920.

To be sure,there were still small workshops,where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing⁹ fixtures¹⁰.There were the sweatshops in city tenements,where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis.And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors¹¹ presided over what were essentially¹² handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single buildings.But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7million in 1880to 4.5million in 1900to 8.4million in 1920,the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned,as did the size of the average plant.(The Baldwin Works had 600employees in 1855,3,000in 1875,and 8,000in 1900.)By 1920,at least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation's manufacturing wage earners were concentrated,three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100employees and 30percent worked in factories with more than 1,000employees.

1.The word "domains"in line 3is closest in meaning to(A)fields

(B)locations

(C)organizations

(D)occupations

2.What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector¹³ of the economy after the Civil War?

(A)New technological¹⁴ developments had little effect on farmers.

(B)The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C)Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D)Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

3.The word "fundamental"in line 7is closest in meaning to

(A)possible

(B)basic

(C)gradual

(D)unique

4.Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the "new factory system?"

(A)A change in the organization of factories.

(B)A growth in the complexity¹⁵ of factories.

(C)An increase in the size of factories.

(D)An increase in the cost of manufacturing industrial products.

5.Which of the following statements about manufacturing before 1870can be inferred from the passage?

(A)Most manufacturing activity was highly organized.

(B)Most manufacturing occurred in relatively¹⁶ small plants.

(C)The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses.

(D)Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half of the nation's economy.

6.The word "skilled"in line 16is closest in meaning to

(A)hardworking

(B)expert

(C)well-paid

(D)industrial

7.The word "presided over"in line 20are closest in meaning to

(A)managed

(B)led to

(C)worked in

(D)produced

8.The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in lines 23-24because it was

(A)a well-known metal-works

(B)the first plant of its kind in Philadelphia

(C)typical of the large factories that were becoming more common

(D)typical of factories that consisted of a single building