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Question 1-9

In the 1600's when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States,they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo¹,Hopi,and Zuni peoples.These ancestors,known variously as the Basket Makers,the Anasazi,or the Ancient Ones,had lived in the area for at least 2,000years.They were an advanced agricultural people who used irrigation to help grow their crops.

The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe² and wood.Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were entered from the roof.But around the year 700A.D.,the Anasazi began to build their homes above ground and join them together into rambling³ multistoried complexes,which the Spanish called pueblos⁴ or villages.Separate subterranean⁵ rooms in these pueblos _____ known as kivas or chapels⁶ _____ were set aside for religious ceremonials.Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole that was believed to lead to the underworld.The largest pueblos had five stories and more than 800rooms.

The Anasazi family was matrilinear,that is,descent was traced through the female.The sacred objects of the family were under the control of the oldest female,but the ritual ceremonies were conducted by her brother or son.Women owned the rooms in the pueblo and the crops,once they were harvested.While still growing,crops belonged to the man who,in contrast to most other Native American groups,planted them.The women made baskets and pottery,the men wove textile and crafted turpoise jewelry⁷.

Each village had two chiefs.The village chief dealt with land disputes and religious affairs.The war chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with neighboring villages and directed the men in community building projects.The cohesive⁸ political and social organization of the Anasazi made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer them.

1.The Anasazi people were considered "agriculturally advanced"because of the way they

(A)stored their crops

(B)fertilized their fields.

(C)watered their crops.

(D)planted their fields.

2.The word "pits"in line 7is closest in meaning to

(A)stages

(B)scars

(C)seeds

(D)holes.

3.The word "stories"in line 12is closest in meaning to

(A)articles

(B)tales

(C)levels

(D)rumors

4.Who would have been most likely to control the sacred objects of an Anasazi family?

(A)A twenty-year-old man

(B)A twenty-year-old woman

(C)A forty-year-old man

(D)A forty-year-old woman

5.The word "they"in line 16refers to

(A)women

(B)crops

(C)rooms

(D)pueblos

6.The word "disputes"in line 20is closest in meaning to

(A)discussions

(B)arguments

(C)developments

(D)purchases

7.Which of the following activities was NOT done by Anasazi men?

(A)Making baskets

(B)Planting crops

(C)Building homes

(D)Crafting jewelry.

8.According to the passage,what made it almost impossible for other groups to conquer the Anasazi?

(A)The political and social organization of the Anasazi

(B)The military tactics employed by the Anasazi

(C)The Anasazi's agricultural technology.

(D)The natural barriers surrounding Anasazi willages.

9.The passage supports which of the following generalizations⁹?

(A)The presence of the Spanish threatened Anasazi society.

(B)The Anasazi benefited from trading relations with the Spanish.

(C)Anasazi society exhibited a well-defined division of labor¹⁰.

(D)Conflicts between neighboring Anasazi villages were easily resolved.

Question 10-19

Barbed wire,first patented in the United States in 1867,played an important part in the development of American farming,as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops.This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching¹¹,since the herds¹² no longer had unrestricted use of the plans for grazing,and the fencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.

Before barbed wire came into general use,fencing was often made from serrated wire,which was unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain,and could snap in cold weather due to contraction¹³.The first practical machine for producing barbed wire was invented in 1874by an Illinois farmer,and between then and the end of the century about 400types of barbed wire were devised,of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use.

Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel high-tensile steel,or aluminum¹⁴.Mild steel and aluminum barbed wire have two strands¹⁵ twisted together to form a cable which is stronger than single-strand wire and less affected¹⁶ by temperature changes.Single-strand wire,round or oval,is made from high-tensile steel with the barbs¹⁷ crimped or welded on .The steel wires used are galvanized -coated with zinc¹⁸ to make them rustproof²⁰.The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fed separately into a machine at one end.They leave it at the other end twisted-together and barbed.The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to length by knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point.This process continues automatically,and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels,usually made of wire in length of 400meters or in weights of up to 50kilograms.

A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes.It is formed into long cojis or entanglements²¹ called concertina wire.

10.What is the main topic of the passage?

(A)Cattle ranching in the United States.

(B)A type of fencing

(C)Industrial uses of wire

(D)A controversy²² over land use

11.The word "unrestricted"in line 4is closest in meaning to

(A)unsatisfactory

(B)difficult

(C)considerable

(D)unlimited

12.The word "snap"in line 9could best be replaced by which of the following?

(A)freeze

(B)click

(C)loosen

(D)break

13.What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?

(A)Improved rust¹⁹-resistance

(B)Increased strength

(C)More rapid attachment²³ of barbs

(D)Easier installation.

14.According to the author,the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially²⁴ processed to

(A)protect them against rust

(B)make them more flexible

(C)prevent contraction in cold weather

(D)straighten them.

15.The word "fed"in line 20is closest in meaning to

(A)put

(B)eaten

(C)bitten

(D)nourished

16.The knives referred to in line 21are used to

(A)separate double-stranded wire

(B)prevent the reel from advancing too rapidly

(C)twist the wire

(D)cut the wire that becomes barbs

17.What is the author's purpose in the third paragraph?

(A)To explain the importance of the wire.

(B)To outline the difficulty of making the wire

(C)To describe how the wire is made

(D)To suggest several different uses of the wire.

18.According to the passage,concertina wire is used for

(A)livestock management

(B)international communications

(C)prison enclosures

(D)military purposes.

19.Which of the following most closely resembles the fencing described in the passage?

(A)（图）

(B)（图）

(C)（图）

(D)（图）

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