Passage four(preface)

  Science is a dominant¹ theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet² of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain³ if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate⁴ the scientist.

  This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets⁵; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or – independently of any course – simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness⁶ and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation⁷ of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive⁸ in our culture.

  We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly⁹ sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset¹⁰ this built-in bias¹¹, we have adopted the policy of using plural¹² nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far form being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy¹³ of our language in treating half of the human race equally.

  We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative¹⁴. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful¹⁵ pastime rather than as a grim and dreary¹⁶ way to earn a living.

1.       According to the passage, ‘scientific subculture’ means
[A] cultural groups that are formed by scientists.
[B] people whose knowledge of science is very limited.
[C] the scientific community.
[D] people who make good contribution to science.

2.       We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because
[A] it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.
[B] Science affects almost every aspect of our life.
[C] Scientists live in a specific subculture.
[D] It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.

3.       The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who
[A] are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.
[B] are good at producing various gadgets.
[C] work in a storehouse of dried facts.
[D] want to have a superficial understanding of science.

4.       According to this passage,
[A] English is a sexist language.
[B] only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.
[C] women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.
[D] male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.

5.       This passage most probably is
[A] a book review.
[B] the preface of a book.
[C] the postscript¹⁷ of a book.
[D] the concluding part of a book.

Vocabulary

1.       subculture                     亚文化群（指在一个社会或一种文化内具有独特性的一群人）

2.       superficial              肤浅的，浅薄的，表面的   

3.       lay person               外行，门外汉，俗人

4.       musty                    发毒的，老朽的，陈腐的

5.       gadget                    小玩意儿，小配件，新发明

6.       pervasive                渗透的，弥漫的，遍布的

7.       populate                 居住于……中，在……中占一席之地

8.       implicit                   含蓄的，内含的

9.       unspecified             未特别提出的

10.   offset                            抵消，补偿

难句译注

1.       An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
【参考译文】如果一个人知道那些使科学家激动不已和灰心丧气的东西，那就比较容易了解科学的一般（普遍）特征以及特殊科学概念。

2.       We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitude and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are and what they do.
【参考译文】我们希望这本书能引导读者对科学观念有一个更为广阔的透视；对什么是科学、科学家是些什么人以及他们在干什么有一个更为现实的观点。

3.       In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
【参考译文】另外，读者可学会正确评价科学观点与我们文化中无处不在的某些价值观和哲学思想之间的关系。

4.       This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions.
【参考译文】科学亚文化群中妇女作用越来越大。这不是难得一见的意外事件，而是，确切地说，在社会各部门显著潮流的一部分由于越来越多妇女进入了传统上为男子统治的领域并作出了重大的贡献。

5.       This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgement of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of human race equally.
【参考译文】这一策略并不理想，但它至少承认了一个事实，那就是在平等对待人类另一半上，我们的语言功能还不全。

写作方法与文章大意

这是一篇书的序言，作者用夹叙夹议的写作方法介绍了书的涉及面及其功能。

首先提出科学是我们文化的重大主题，但人们也该了解科学家生活的亚文化群，只有懂得一些激励和挫伤科学家的种种情况，才能理解科学的一般特征及其特殊概念。

第二方面指出书的读者对象是对科学一知半解的学生及门外汉。书可作理工科课程的辅助（补充）读物，又可独立自成体系。它可开阔人们科学的视野，真正了解科学、科学家及其工作，理解科学和文化的关系，科学观点和哲学的关系。

第三方面指出亚文化群中妇女增多，贡献巨大，而我们的语言却隐含这性别的歧视，难以充分平等地反映妇女。

最后指出书信息量大又具娱乐性，寓教于乐。

答案详解

1.       C 科学社区。答案在第一段第二句，人们也该了解科学家生活在其中的亚文化群以及他们是什么样的人。第三段又讲到，有关科学社区的画面以及妇女对科学亚文化的贡献。可见科学社区即亚文化。
A. 科学家所组成种种文化群体。  B. 科学知识有限的一些人。  C.  对科学作出很大贡献的人。

2.       B 因为科学几乎影响到我们生活的各个方面。文章开综明旨点出：科学是我们文化中的重要主题，由于它几乎涉及到我们生活的每一方面，有知识的人至少需要熟悉一些结构和作用。
A. 了解激发和挫伤科学家的事情可不太容易。（比较难） C. 科学家生活在特定的亚文化群中。D. 了解科学的一般特性比较容易。

3.       A 不太了解科学的大学生或门外汉。第二段首句就点出了这本书为对科学一知半解的大学生和门外汉所写，为某些人，一直把科学看作干巴巴的事实堆砌的发霉的石屋的人；为那种把科学的主要目的视为生产小配件的人；为那些把科学视为某种魔术的人而写。这说明主要为A项人所写，对科学了解不多的大学生和普通人。
B. 善于生产各种小配件。  C. 在干巴巴的事实堆砌的石屋中工作。 D. 相对科学有肤浅了解的人。

4.       D 不应当用阳性的名词和代词去指科学家。第三段集中讲了这本书提供精确而又现代的有关科学社区（社会）和居住在其中的人的画卷。近年来，越来越多的妇女包括进来，原因是许多妇女进入传统上为男人统治的领域，并作出巨大贡献，所以妇女在科学亚文化群中的增多并不是罕见的偶然事件，而是社会各部门明显趋势的组成部分。在讨论其变化和贡献时，我们面临着隐含性别歧视的语言――用阳性名词和代词来指未指定人物，为了消除这种偏颇，我们在可能和必要时采用了复数名词和代词来取代他或她。
A. 英语是一种性别语言。 B. 只有在科学领域中，妇女的作用增长很快。 C. 妇女在晓民我们语言中的不适当性作出了巨大的贡献。根据此题注释说明这三项都不对。英语不能说成是有性别的语言，其中虽有些词性表示男性或女性。文内明确指科学界妇女增多是整个社会的趋势的组成部分。由于妇女在科学界的贡献，所以不能再用阳性名词或代词去指科学界，并不是在消灭语言……