Researchers have sequenced the gene¹ map of a long-extinct, mummified woolly mammoth², using DNA³ taken from its hair.

The sequence shows that mammoths were more closely related to modern, living elephants than previously⁴ thought, and some elements were found, such as evidence of inbreeding, that may shed light on why the giant creatures went extinct, researchers reported on Wednesday.

It shows that it is possible to reconstruct the genomes of extinct creatures, they reported in the journal Nature.

"By deciphering this genome we could, in theory, generate data that one day may help other researchers bring the woolly mammoth back to life by inserting the uniquely mammoth DNA sequences into the genome of the modern-day elephant," Stephan Schuster of Pennsylvania State University, who helped lead the research, said in a statement.

"This would allow scientists to retrieve⁵ the genetic⁶ information that was believed to have been lost when the mammoth died out, as well as to bring back an extinct species that modern humans have missed meeting by only a few thousand years."

The sequence shows that mammoths, which died out around 10,000 years ago, evolved slowly.

"We discovered that individual woolly mammoths were so genetically⁷ similar to one another that they may have been especially susceptible⁸ to being wiped out by a disease, by a change in the climate, or by humans," said Schuster.

The researchers will have to analyze⁹ the DNA to pinpoint¹⁰ some of the precise sequences unique to mammoths, but have some hints.

"Our data suggest that mammoths and modern-day elephants separated around six million years ago, about the same time that humans and chimpanzees separated," added Penn State biologist Webb Miller¹¹, who directed the study.

But mammoths and elephants appear more closely related than humans and chimpanzees are. Miller said the findings can help scientists understand evolution.

The researchers have been pulling DNA out of mummified mammoths and their hair for more than a decade, but because it is so old, the DNA is broken down. It is also contaminated by bacteria and fungi¹².

Mammoths offer a better target than most extinct animals because many of their bodies have been frozen since death - some so thoroughly¹³ that the meat is still edible¹⁴.

The Penn State researchers believe they have about 80 percent of its genome complete.

The evidence suggests that woolly mammoths then separated into two groups around 2 million years ago, which eventually became genetically distinct. One went extinct 45,000 years ago, while another survived until 10,000 years ago.

Next in line - perhaps Neanderthals, said Michael Hofreiter of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary¹⁵ Anthropology¹⁶ in Leipzig, Germany.

"The next draft nuclear genome of an extinct species likely to become available is that of our closest relative, the Neanderthal, following on from publication of a complete Neanderthal mitochondrial genome sequence," Hofreiter wrote in a commentary.

Questions:

1. Where did the scientists get the DNA of the woolly mammoth?

2. Why are mammoths an easier target than most extinct animals?

3. How much of the complete mammoth genome do researchers have?

Answers:

1. From its mummified hair.

2. Because many of their bodies have been frozen since death - some so thoroughly that the meat is still edible.

3. They believe they have about 80 percent of the genome.