你曾经遭遇过职场暴力吗？老板过分苛刻？同事排挤？这些都是职场暴力的一部分。

Robert DiGiacomo, for Yahoo! HotJobs

If the equivalent of the schoolyard bully¹ is now sharing your cubicle² or -- worse -- is your boss, you're not alone.

More than 1 in 3 workers -- or 54 million people -- report being bullied³ at work, according to a Zogby International poll. Nearly three-quarters of the bullies⁴ are in managerial positions, and 55 percent of their victims are workers, Zogby found.

Below are some warning signs to watch out for and hints for coping with an abusive manager or coworker. 以下是对职场暴力的提示和警告：

Is the Boss a Bully or Just Demanding? 老板是一位暴力施加者，还是不过是要求苛刻？

Executive coach Laura Crawshaw, author of "Taming the Abrasive⁵ Manager: How to End Unnecessary Roughness in the Workplace," has identified five signs that your boss is a bully.

The signs include overreacting to situations, micromanaging others, acting⁶ in a superior and condescending⁷ way, humiliating employees in front of colleagues, and taking a threatening stance, as in, "It's my way or the highway."

But Crawshaw doesn't like to use the "B" word. She explains, "The 'bully' term implies they intend to do harm. In fact, this is not what I've found. Essentially⁸, they are blind to the impact of their behavior on others. Generally, they don't see it."

Zero Tolerance⁹ 零容忍

To foster a positive workplace, employers need to first recognize the bullying¹⁰ problem, according to Garry Mathiason, a senior partner in the San Francisco office of Littler Mendelson, a top employment and labor¹¹ law firm.

Employers should then create policies establishing guidelines for unacceptable behavior and ways to report such conduct, and make sure everyone -- from the CEO to the file clerk -- practices what they're preaching.

"There has to be encouragement of reporting problems, and there have to be alternative channels -- human resources, a senior manager, or the legal department -- if you can't report it directly to your immediate¹² supervisor¹³ because he or she is the problem," Mathiason said.

The Mind of the Bully 施暴者的想法

The bully boss, according to Crawshaw, displays overaggressive behavior out of fear, not confidence.

"When they get anxious about how they're going to be perceived, they attack," Crawshaw says. "It's helpful for people who are subordinates to realize it's not their problem -- it's the boss' problem."

Preparing an Exit Strategy 准备下策

If faced with an unresolved bullying situation, should you stay or should you go? Although some workplace bullying experts believe it's possible to resolve such situations, most workers under attack by a bully end up changing jobs, according to a poll by Zogby International for the Workplace Bullying Institute.

The 2007 survey found 77% of those who said they were bullied chose to leave their employer or were fired, forced out, or moved to a different position within the same company.

"Our research is clear about how the bullying stops -- the targets lose the jobs they love," said Gary Namie, director of the Workplace Bullying Institute.

Bottom Line vs. Cohesive¹⁴ Team 对待职场暴力的底线

But companies would be better served, Mathiason believes, by adhering to policies that value the victim over the bully, even if the latter is a strong contributor to the bottom line.

"If you decide in favor of the harmony and teamwork of the group -- and take the short-term deficit¹⁵ of losing what is otherwise a good performer -- you're going to be more successful as an organization, because the team can always outperform the individual," Mathiason says.