Formal negotiations¹ have reopened at the UN climate summit in Copenhagen after a delay of nine hours.

哥本哈根联合国环境峰会正式磋商在耽搁九小时之后重新开启。

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Police used batons, pepper spray and tear gas against protesters

The hold-up停顿，耽搁 was caused by wrangles争吵 over the texts to be used as the basis for the talks.

Beneath the dispute lies a long-running accusation⁴控告，指控 from developing countries that the Danish hosts are trying to sideline迫使退出 their concerns.

New funds have been pledged, notably⁵ by Japan which will provide $5bn a year to poor nations if a deal is reached.

Earlier, police clashed with冲突 protesters who stormed barricades⁶ around Copenhagen's Bella Centre.

Campaign groups have been angered about restrictions⁷ on access to the talks, and by the glacial冰冷的 progress of negotiations.

But Japan's pledge ramps⁸ up提升 significantly the amount of "fast start" money on the table.

Its $5bn per year - payable⁹ from 2010-2012 - adds to the £3.5bn per year commitment made by EU leaders at their summit last week.

But it will only kick in "on the condition that successful political accord is achieved... that is a fair and effective framework with participation¹⁰ of all major emitting countries and agreement of their most ambitious targets".

Japan has been especially determined¹¹ that emission¹² curbs¹³ from major developing countries should be legally binding¹⁴.

China, its big regional economic rival, is adamantly¹⁵坚硬无比地 opposed.

Another pledge came from a six-member group - Australia, France, Japan, Norway, the UK and US - which will collectively commit $3.5bn over three years to combating deforestation采伐森林 - again, "in the context of an ambitious and comprehensive outcome in Copenhagen".

The UK commitment will come from its component¹⁶ of the EU's $3.5bn per year.

Columbian Environment Minister Carlos Costa, whose country would benefit from such an initiative, said: "We welcome initiatives such as this one that provides prompt start finance that will allow developing countries, and their communities, to start work on the ground."

Continuing divide

The formal negotiations, which were due to start at 1300 local time, eventually got underway at 2200 - a delay caused by the Danish hosts angering developing countries by trying to introduce new documents as the basis for negotiations.

Developing countries insisted on using documents that have come out of negotiations that have been going on for most of the year.

The new Danish texts were reportedly shown to a few key delegations¹⁷ and rejected out of hand. Delegates waited in the conference hall with no information about when the session would begin.

The issue illustrates¹⁸阐明，说明 the continuing divide between rich and poor blocs¹⁹ here, with developing countries repeatedly accusing the Danes of trying to impose a shape on the summit that will lead to the outcome desired by developed nations.

Towards the end of the evening, a group of about 30 protesters were preparing to spend the night in the centre, apparently²⁰ with the blessing²¹ of security guards.

During the day, police detained more than 240 protesters during the clashes, which led to injuries on both sides.

In the main hall, meanwhile, a succession of presidents and prime ministers made set-piece speeches.

Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, on behalf of the African Union, gave some details of a proposal - drawn²² up with substantial French involvement - aimed at breaking the impasse²³僵局，死路 here.

"Every one of us knows that Africa has contributed virtually nothing to global warming but has been hit first and hardest," he said.

Mr Zenawi related some elements of his proposal, including that the sum of $50bn per year by 2015 and $100bn per year by 2020 should be raised for poorer countries through "creative financing mechanisms²⁴" such as taxes on financial transactions财务事项，金融业务 and aviation fuel航空燃料.

He acknowledged that he knew his proposal "would disappoint those Africans who from the point of view of justice have asked for full compensation for the damage done to our development prospects²⁵".

It certainly infuriated激怒 the African group of negotiators, because it also endorsed支持，赞同 positions that most African countries oppose - notably, a target for maximum temperature rise of 2C (the G8 and EU target), whereas most African governments are committed to 1.5C.

It is not clear whether his proposal has support from other African leaders, however, or from further across the community of poor vulnerable countries such as small island states.

Lord Stern, who has had a strong hand in developing the proposal, said it was "strong and reasonable".

"The rich countries should give their strong support to the Meles plan, which has been put forward by an African leader with the interests of developing countries at its heart."