Thailand has removed about 4,000 ethnic¹ Hmong from a northern refugee camp to deport² them back to communist-ruled Laos, despite international criticism.

尽管遭受国际社会批评，泰国仍然将北部难民营大约4000名赫蒙族居民遣送回老挝。

Thai officials said no violence was used to move the Hmong from the camp

No violence was used as all of the Hmong赫蒙族 were moved out of the camp in Phetchabun province, officials said.

Thailand describes them as economic migrants. The Hmong say they face persecution迫害，烦扰 in Laos because they backed US forces during the Vietnam war.

The United Nations urged Thailand to stop the deportations驱逐出境，放逐.

Col Thana Charuvat, who is co-ordinating the repatriation遣送回国, said about 5,000 soldiers, officials and civilian⁵ volunteers had entered the camp in Huay Nam Khao village late on Monday morning.

By late afternoon, the last of the Hmong had been driven from the camp in army trucks to buses that were waiting to take them to the border with Laos.

"There was no resistance from the repatriated⁶ Hmong because we used psychological tactics心理战术 to talk with them, to assure them that they will have a better life in Laos as the Lao government has confirmed," Col Thana said.

Possible threats

No journalists were allowed into the camp during the operation, which went ahead despite calls from the UN, the US and several European nations to halt the deportations.

"We also urge the Lao People's Democratic Republic to treat humanely⁷ any Lao Hmong who are involuntarily returned, to provide access for international monitors, and facilitate促进，帮助 resettlement重新安置 opportunities for any eligible合格的，合适的 returnee," said the US State Department spokesman Ian Kelly.

He noted⁹ that both the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner¹⁰ for Refugees and the Royal Thai Government have deemed many of the Hmong in need of protection because of the threats they might face in Laos.

Thai government spokesman Panithan Wattanayakorn told the BBC that officials had concerns for about 100 of those being deported¹¹.

But Thailand had been assured that those people would be pardoned on their return to Laos, he added.

Hundreds of thousands of Hmong fled Laos after the communist Pathet Movement took power in 1975.

Many have settled in the United States, Australia and other countries, but a sizeable大的，相当大的 population remains¹² in Laos and complains of persecution³ from the authorities.

Some Hmong have been fighting a low-level insurgency叛乱，暴动 against the government since 1975.