Common herbs and spices show promise as an environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional pesticides², scientists have told a major US conference.

科学家告诉美国一家主要媒体，常见的草本植物和香味料可以作为传统杀虫剂的环境友好型的替代品。

Common herbs and spices could help protect crops against pests

They have spent a decade researching the insecticidal properties of rosemary（迷迭香）, thyme（百里香）, clove³（丁香） and mint（薄荷）.

They could become a key weapon against insect pests in organic agriculture, the researchers say, as the industry attempts to satisfy demand.

The "plant essential oils" have a broad range of action against bugs⁴.

Some kill them outright⁵（率直地） while others repel⁶（逐退，反驳） them.

Details were presented at the Fall Meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in Washington DC.

These new pesticides are generally a mixture of tiny amounts of two to four different herbs diluted⁷（冲淡，稀释） in water.

The research was led by Dr Murray Isman, from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada.

Some spice-based commercial products now being used by farmers have already shown success in protecting organic strawberry, spinach⁸（菠菜）, and tomato crops against destructive aphids（蚜虫） and mites⁹（小虫）, Dr Isman explained.

"These products expand the limited arsenal¹⁰（兵工厂，军械库） of organic growers to combat pests," he said.

"They're still only a small piece of the insecticide market, but they're growing and gaining momentum（动力，要素）."

Unlike conventional pesticides, these "killer¹¹ spices" do not require more limited approval from regulatory bodies and are readily available.

An additional advantage is that insects are less likely to evolve resistance - the ability to shrug¹² off once-effective toxins¹³（毒素） - Isman says. They're also safer for farm workers, who are at high risk for pesticide¹ exposure, he notes.

But the herb-based pesticides also have shortcomings.

Since the essential oils made from these herbs tend to evaporate（蒸发） quickly and degrade rapidly in sunlight, farmers need to apply them to crops more frequently than conventional pesticides.

Some last only a few hours, compared to days or even months for conventional pesticides.

As they are also generally less potent¹⁴ than conventional pesticides, they must be applied¹⁵ in higher concentrations to achieve acceptable levels of pest control, Dr Isman said.

Researchers are now seeking ways of making the novel pesticides longer-lasting and more potent, he added.

"They're not a panacea¹⁶（万灵药） for pest control," Dr Isman explained.

Conventional pesticides are still the most effective way to control caterpillars¹⁷（毛虫）, grasshoppers¹⁸（蚂蚱）, beetles¹⁹ and other large insects on commercial food crops, he added.

"It comes down to what's good for the environment and what's good for human health."