A three-year study of giant pandas published 4 April 2012 in Biology of Reproduction's Papers-in-Press reveals that reproductive seasonality² exists not only in female pandas, but in male pandas as well. According to the authors of the study, this new understanding of the regulators of male reproductive function will allow continued improvement of the captive panda management program and will, one day, assist in reintroducing pandas into the wild.

The giant panda is a specialized³ bear whose wild habitat now consists of only a few mountain ranges in central China. Attempts at preserving this endangered species have met with varying success, but over the last decade, substantial progress in giant panda breeding within China has resulted in a significant increase in the population of captive pandas.

Female panda reproduction has been thoroughly⁴ studied, and it is well known that a panda's estrus（发情期） , the state of sexual excitement that immediately precedes ovulation（排卵） , occurs only once a year, sometime between February and May, and lasts only 24 to 72 hours. Few studies have examined male reproductive capacity and physiology⁵ in similar detail, and none involved sample sizes larger than one or two individuals.

Now, an international research team led by Dr. Copper⁶ Aitken-Palmer of the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and Dr. Rong Hou of the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, along with senior researchers Drs. David Wildt, Mary Ann Ottinger, and the late JoGayle Howard, has published the results of their study of eight male giant pandas in a captive breeding center in China.

The team evaluated the interrelated seasonal¹ changes in male panda androgen（雄性激素） levels, sperm⁷ concentration, testes size, and reproductive behavior, and found that unlike what is found for females, reproductive fitness in the male giant panda varies throughout the year. Waves in male giant panda reproductive activity occurred 3 to 5 months before the interval⁸ when most females displayed their estrus, presumably in order to prepare for and then accommodate the brief and unpredictable female estrus.

These findings not only fill a knowledge gap, but the authors believe that they can be used to help researchers collect and preserve only the highest-quality panda spermatozoa for artificial insemination, an increasingly important tool in genetic⁹ diversity management within the captive panda population.