Researchers studying speciation（物种形成） of butterfly orchids² on the Azores have been startled to discover that the answer to a long-debated question "Do the islands support one species or two species?" is actually "three species." Hochstetter's Butterfly-orchid¹, newly recognized following application of a battery of scientific techniques and reveling in a complex taxonomic（分类的） history worthy³ of Sherlock Holmes, is arguably Europe's rarest orchid species. Under threat in its mountain-top retreat, the orchid urgently requires conservation recognition. A lavishly⁴ illustrated⁶ publication, titled "Systematic⁷ revision of Platanthera in the Azorean archipelago: not one but three species, including arguably Europe's rarest orchid," was published today in the peer-reviewed open-access journal PeerJ.

 

The research team, led by independent botanist⁸ Prof. Richard Bateman in collaboration⁹ with local botanist Dr. Mónica Moura (University of the Azores) and plant morphologist Dr. Paula Rudall (of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew), originally viewed these butterfly-orchids as a simple, tractable¹⁰ system ideal for studying the origin of species and so they initiated¹¹ a focused exploration of all nine Azorean islands.

 

A combination of field and laboratory research soon showed that butterfly-orchids first colonized¹² the Azores from the Mediterranean¹³ rather than from North America, rapidly undergoing miniaturization of their ancestrally large flowers. It proved easy to distinguish the widespread Short-spurred Butterfly-orchid (Platanthera pollostantha) from the rarer Narrow-lipped Butterfly-orchid (P. micrantha) using morphology, DNA¹⁴ sequences, and the identities of mycorrhizal fungi¹⁵ associated with the roots of the orchids. However, this 'simple' study was thrown into disarray¹⁶ when Dr. Moura explored remote dwarfed¹⁷ laurisilva forests along the highest volcanic¹⁸ ridge¹⁹ on the central island of São Jorge and found an unusual population of butterfly orchids.

 

"I immediately recognised the flowers as being exceptionally large for an Azorean butterfly-orchid," said Moura" and e-mailed images to Richard Bateman for confirmation²⁰ that they were new to science." Data gathered subsequently in the laboratory using several analytical²¹ techniques all pointed²² to the discovery of a new species, and suggested that the species -- named Platanthera azorica in the PeerJ paper -- originated relatively²³ recently by a remarkable²⁴ restoration of the large-flowered morphology of its presumed mainland ancestor.

 

Bateman then realised that this "new" orchid had in fact been illustrated (but never correctly identified as a new species) in the first ever Flora²⁵ of the islands, published in 1844, but thereafter had consistently been confused with other more frequent Azorean species. The illustrated specimen²⁶, deposited in the herbarium at Tübingen by German botanist Karl Hochstetter, was collected during his tour of six of the nine Azorean islands in 1838. However, as Hochstetter did not visit São Jorge (where P. azorica was most recently 're-discovered') it is entirely²⁷ possible that the population he originally described may remain to be discovered on another Azorean island. 

 

In the meantime, the team are anxious to obtain conservation protection for the newly-recognized and exceptionally rare orchid. "This remarkable species languished²⁸ unrecognized for 173 years," commented Bateman. "It's rediscovery and recognition beautifully illustrate⁵ the value of integrating field-based and laboratory-based approaches to generate a modern monograph²⁹（专题论文）. This methodology both demonstrates that the species is genuine and allows us to make informed recommendations for its future conservation."

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