Of the many industries in China, auto¹ industry does not develop fast and is not competitive. There are many reasons that lead to this situation. But the main reason is that it has not experienced a complete process of market opening and competition. This will be clearer after being compared with the development of other industries.

Since the reform and opening-up, China has seen some fast-developing industries, especially the household electrical appliance industry. In spite of many problems, they are generally healthy and dynamic, and outperform other industries in product upgrading, technological³ proGREss, quality, service and guaranteeing consumers’ rights. They will be most competitive even after China’s entry into WTO. The sound development of these industries should be mostly attributed to the fact that they have experienced a process of market opening and intensive competition, thus solving the three key problems crucial to the development of an industry:

First, the “discovery” of advantageous⁴ enterprises. The advantageous enterprises are not born by nature, self-styled or designated by the government. They must experience a process of being “screened” through competition before being “discovered”. Any individuals or organizations including the governments cannot foretell⁵ which enterprises are advantageous enterprises. Today’s advanced enterprises were once not sure whether they would surely succeed today. This is determined⁶ by the competition on the market.

Second, the learning and training of enterprises’ competitiveness. “Competitiveness can only be acquired through competition” is a basic tenet. An enterprise’s marketing⁷, management, R&D and financing abilities can only be acquired and accumulated from the twists and turns in the course of competition, and consequently, the organization, mechanism⁸ and system of an enterprise can be gradually improved as well. The scale and competitiveness of an enterprise are not only a technical concept. More importantly, it is related to system and mechanism.

Third, the exploration and use of market potentials. Competition helps enterprises reduce costs and prices, raise product quality, improve services, promote new products and turn GREat potential need to realistic demand.

Automobile⁹ and electrical appliance industries, both belonging to processing, assembling and manufacturing industries, are similar in terms of technological and market structure, for instance, they both have a high demand for scale economy and develop into highly industrial concentration as a result of competition. However, auto industry has not shown the active development momentum¹⁰ and competitiveness like household electrical appliance industry. This is largely because the former has not experienced a full process of market opening and competition. From the view of policy, we should, in particular, reflect on and examine the strict policy on market access and the restrictive consumption policy. Due to strict limitation on market access, in addition to the restriction¹¹ on the model, variety and specification¹² of automobiles¹³, the competition is not complete and limited, although China has more than 100 car plants. The restrictive consumption policy has prevented the existing market demand from being unleashed¹⁴,
and at the same time, placed the insufficient¹⁵ production capacity in surplus.

II. “Establishing the Competitive Edge as a Big Country in the Course of Opening”: The Option for the Development Pattern of China’s Auto Industry under the New Situation

the development pattern of China’s auto industry under the new situation should proceed from the current domestic and international condition and be based on current and potential advantages. China should learn from the international experiences in the development of auto industry, especially those of the newly developed countries, for making options that conform to the law of development. We believe this pattern could be summarized by “establishing the competitive edge as a big country in the course of opening”.

This means, firstly, we should base ourselves on opening. To put it specifically, we should gradually integrate the auto industry into the system of international working division under the framework of WTO so as to adapt to and make use of, not reject, the trend of globalization of auto industry. As a rising developing country, China certainly needs some necessary protection over some of its industries. Instead of relying on the protection, it should take an active part in extensive and in-depth international competition and cooperation. Secondly¹⁶, China should make full use of and cultivate its own advantages. At the present stage, the advantages of China’s auto industry include the overall capability¹⁷ of the manufacturing industry, labor¹⁸ cost and the large market in a big country. These advantages are the comparative advantages according to the theory of economics. But in many cases, comparative advantages are not equal to competitive advantages. The key is to adjust the system, strategy and policies under the opening policy in order to turn the realistic and potential comparative advantages to competitive advantages. Thirdly, the advantage of a large market in a big country is most important. First of all, China’s huge market will yield the effect of scale economy in various links of the auto industry chains. This will mainly be reflected in car assembling and production of some spare parts. And the demand for independent R&D that meets the need of Chinese market will therefore arise. Next, China’s domestic market can accommodate several strong transnational corporations. At the same time, it can also provide space large enough for a large number of domestic enterprises and enterprises with domestic capital. Finally, Chinese market is not only large, but also appears to be obviously multi-layered, which is conducive¹⁹ to the domestic enterprises that started late and are still developing.#p#分页标题#e#

To be specific, the new development pattern should include the following features:

1. Cultivating a domestic market with active and full competitive environment. Compared with the production and sale capacity of more than 10 million automobiles in the future 20 to 30 years, China’s current auto industry with manufacturing and marketing capacity of more than 2 million cars is still at an infant stage now. Therefore, there will be a necessary, possible, to put it more precisely²⁰, unavoidable process of competition designed to select advantageous enterprises, raise enterprises’ competitiveness and explore the market potentials. Due to market access barriers on investment scale and technologies on the current industrial basis, the gradual entry of transnational corporations and the government’s rational policy guidance, competition within the auto industry may take on different characteristics from that in the electrical appliance industry, and the process of competition spurring the industrial growth could be shortened. The urgent task is to foster a domestic environment of active and full competition. The limitation on industrial access should be drastically relaxed; as the government’s direct investment stops, various responsible investors²¹ including non-state investors should be allowed to enter the industry; the administrative²² monopoly by departments and regions should be further done away with so as to form an open and unified²³ domestic market; competition order should be regulated, and new systems should be built to restrict activities that hamper²⁴ positive competition. The basis of and key to the successful new development pattern is a market with active and full competition, without which development will hardly go on. If this foundation could be laid well, we will have every reason to predict that in a short period of time (five years or longer), China will have a batch²⁵ of competitive enterprises with initial international competitiveness, which include joint²⁶ venture enterprises, solely-foreign invested enterprises, domestic enterprises and enterprises with domestic capital.

2. Several transnational corporations will enter into Chinese market while outstanding domestic enterprises develop on their own. One important policy orientation²⁷ is that supporting the entry of transnational corporations will be a component²⁸ of the country’s global strategy. When the tariff²⁹ rates are drastically reduced after China’s entry into WTO, the transnational corporations will have two choices: first, exporting cars to China, second, building factories and manufacturing cars in China. Our policy should clearly avoid large-scale car imports, or large-scale cars assembling with low added value for the Chinese market. After China’s entry into WTO, we should relax or abolish the restriction on the equity³⁰ and localization rate set for foreign investors at a proper time so that they would make industrial transfer to China out of the consideration of global strategy. They should be specially² encouraged to export cars and parts from China. The other policy orientation is to encourage the positive competition between transnational corporations in China. The experience of many industries has proved that such competition is extremely important to product upgrading, speeding up transnational corporations’ transfer of technologies to China, improving management and reducing costs. On the other hand, we should encourage domestic enterprises and enterprises with domestic capital to cultivate their core competitiveness and support them to cooperate with foreign-invested enterprises in various forms (not just joint venture), especially their effort in developing, upgrading and enlarging the scale of R&D, brand building and marketing system. The entry of transnational corporations does not conflict with the independent development of domestic enterprises and enterprises with domestic capital. The Chinese market can provide sufficient space for both of them. They will surely compete with each other, but more often, they will cooperate, unite and merge³¹, eventually raising the overall competitiveness of China’s automobile industry.

3. Gradually integrating into the world’s work division system of automobile industry in the course of opening, and taking the improvement of international competitiveness and realization³² of net export as the mid- and long-term objectives. We should change the ideas and practice of confining the industrial chains in the country (even within an area) and mainly relying on domestic market and resources, gradually integrate the auto industry into the global system of purchasing, manufacturing, marketing and R&D in order to make good use of domestic and international markets and resources. We should completely give up the goals of substituting imports with domestic-made products. We will import and export cars, concentrate our efforts in developing the products with market and resource advantages while importing some products that China does not produce or has no advantages, such as luxurious³³ automobiles. As the country’s auto market is large and still developing, it can support large-scale car-assembling production mainly aimed at the domestic market and demonstrate the positive effect of scale economy. On this basis, the fast growth of entire cars and auto parts with international competitiveness could well be expected. From the mid- and long-term point of view, we should strive to realize the net export of automobiles at a very high level of opening and gradually increase its share in the global market. This means that China will not only be the largest potential consumer, but also a strong car processor and manufacturer with fairly strong competitiveness.#p#分页标题#e#

4. the mid-term development strategy is focused on economical household automobiles. Firstly, this strategy targets at the demand at the initial development stage of the automobile market, where the household automobiles will be the focus with the GREatest demand for economical household cars. Secondly, the strategy will be beneficial to the involvement of new enterprises and cultivation³⁴ of competitiveness. The demand for technologies, management, funds and talent from the development of economical household cars is relatively³⁵ low, or there exists less access hindrance³⁶. This is a rare opportunity (maybe the last opportunity) for the domestic enterprises or enterprises with domestic capital. Of course, economical household cars don’t necessarily mean low level of technology and quality. With the change of market demand and the development of enterprises, there will be much room for improvement in technology and quality. Thirdly, if China has developed a fairly large scale of economical household car production with certain competitiveness, it will have a good market opportunity in the international market, especially in the market of adjacent emerging countries.

5. Reorganization of auto part industry oriented towards the global market. On the one hand, China’s auto part enterprises, affected³⁷ by the domestic policy that requires the high localization rate of cars, are mainly catering³⁸ to the domestic market. On the other hand, in enterprise organization, they usually include auto part production and car production in an enterprise group. The auto part production mainly meets the need of car production. So these enterprises are plagued by small product batches³⁹, high costs and low technological development ability. This has not only seriously restricted the development of auto part industry, but also increased the cost of the whole industry. The objective of reorganizing the auto part industry is to adjust the relationship between car enterprises and auto part enterprises so that the car factories are able to select good auto parts from all the enterprises. The auto part enterprises can supply parts to all the car factories through competition. The objective of the first phase of the reorganization is to free the auto part factories from the restriction of enterprise groups and regions so that the enterprises in good conditions would speed up reorganization and build up capability in order to become nationwide suppliers. Then the objective of the second phase is to actively⁴⁰ take part in the transnational reorganization. With the help of transnational corporations’ global purchase and marketing network plus their own efforts, a number of competitive auto part enterprises will gradually become global suppliers. In the middle and long run, the proportion of China’s auto part import and export should be higher than that of cars. In this course, the number of auto part enterprises will be reduced comparatively while the large auto part enterprises characterized by modularization and systematization will increase. There will be a huge development space for international auto part corporations and competitive domestic auto part enterprises.

6. Transferring towards the top of industrial value added chains step by step. In terms of technological content and added value, the late-coming countries have basically experienced four phases in their auto industry development -- imports, KD assembling, introduction of technologies and production of scale, and turning to maturity⁴¹. At present, China’s auto industry is basically at the stage with the characteristics of the second and third phases. Raising technological development and value adding capability of the industry should be the objective for the new development pattern. But in general, we should follow the track of transferring towards top of industrial value added chains by phases. The large-scale production based on the large-country market will make transnational corporations transfer part of their R&D capability to China. The R&D that meet China’s specific demand will be prioritized. The competition between transnational corporations will also help speed up the transfer of technology. Secondly, this move, identical with the strategy of developing economical household cars, should seek a technological breakthrough and develop a certain deGREe of advantage. At the same time, with the reorganization of auto part enterprises, we should speed up improving the R&D capability and develop international competitiveness in some auto part products. Thirdly, as the auto industry is more mature and its degree of internationalization is higher, especially with the progress of R&D talent, the domestic technological development forces will be more involved in the international work division of R& D and become a more and more important part of it.