Period [.]

1. Use a period to show the end of a sentence.

Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.
The federal government is based in Ottawa.

2. Use a period after certain abbreviations.

B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.
Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.
The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.
It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.

Question Mark [?]

Use a question mark at the end of a sentence to show a direct question.

How many provinces are there in Canada?

Note: do not use a question mark for indirect questions.

The teacher asked the class a question. Do not ask me why.

Exclamation¹ Mark [!]

Use an exclamation mark at the end of a sentence to show surprise or excitement.

We won the Stanley Cup!
The forest is on fire!

Comma [,]

1. Use a comma to show a pause in a sentence.

Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.

2. Use a comma with quotation² marks to show what someone has said directly.

"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

3. Use commas for listing three or more different things.

Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.

4. Use commas around relative clauses that add extra information to a sentence.

Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.

Apostrophe [']

1. Use an apostrophe to show ownership of something.

This is David's computer.
These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)

Note: For nouns in plural³ form, put the apostrophe at the end of the noun.

These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)

2. Use an apostrophe to show letters that have been left out of a word.

I don't know how to fix it.

Quotation Marks ["]

Use quotation marks to show what someone has said directly.

The prime minister said, "We will win the election."
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

Colon⁴ [:]

1. Use a colon to introduce a list of things.

There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.

2. Use a colon to introduce a long quotation.

The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."

Semicolon [;]

1. Use a semicolon to join related sentences together.

The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.

2. Use a semicolon in lists that already have commas.

The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.

Dash [-]

1. Use a dash before a phrase that summarizes the idea of a sentence.

Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.

2. Use a dash before and after a phrase or list that adds extra information in the middle of a sentence.

The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store.
Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.

3. Use a dash to show that someone has been interrupted when speaking.

The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.

Hyphen [-]

1. Use a hyphen to join two words that form one idea together.

sweet-smelling
fire-resistant

2. Use a hyphen to join prefixes⁵ to words.

anti-Canadian
non-contact

3. Use a hyphen when writing compound numbers.

one-quarter
twenty-three

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