In Duty: Memoirs³ of a Secretary of War, Mr Gates says that the president was sceptical（怀疑的） that his administration's Afghan strategy would succeed.

 

"I never doubted [his] support for the troops, only his support for their mission," Mr Gates is quoted as saying.

 

Mr Gates was Pentagon chief under Presidents Obama and George Bush. He was the first Pentagon head to serve presidents of different parties before leaving political office in 2011.

 

Although he describes Mr Obama as "a man of personal integrity" who was right in his decisions regarding Afghanistan, he says that the president was uncomfortable with the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan which he inherited from the Bush administration.

 

He also says Mr Obama was distrustful of the military that was providing him options.

 

He is quoted by newspapers as saying in the memoir² that in March 2011 he did not trust Gen David Petraeus - the US military commander in Afghanistan in 2010-11 - and "could not stand" Afghan President Hamid Karzai.

 

The president "doesn't consider the war to be his," Mr Gates writes of a March 2011 meeting in the White House. "For him, it's all about getting out."

 

The Washington Post says that the memoir is "in contrast to his subdued⁴, even-keeled public demeanour（行为） as Pentagon chief", and that Mr Gates "strikes an often bitter tone in his memoir".

 

It and other newspapers quote the former defence secretary voicing frustration⁵ in the memoir at the "controlling nature" of Mr Obama's White House, which he says constantly interfered⁶ in Pentagon affairs, even though civilian⁷ aides lacked knowledge of military operations.

 

The White House national security staff "took micromanagement and operational meddling⁸ to a new level," he writes, comparing their approach to that of the Nixon era of the 1970s.

 

"All too early in the administration," Mr Gates writes, "suspicion and distrust of senior military officers by senior White House officials - including the president and vice⁹ president - became a big problem for me as I tried to manage the relationship between the commander-in-chief and his military leaders."

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