Those who are proud to have a piece of amber¹（湖泊） that holds a little animal trapped in it maybe should not continue to read this. For what can be seen in the millions of years-old tree resin²（树脂，松香） is almost always just a paper-thin façade（外观） . If sliced down the middle, you would find no more than a hollow space covered in some sort of "insect photo wallpaper." This does not apply to the amber Bonn paleontologist（古生物学者） Professor Dr. Jes Rust³ and his colleagues have been looking at for two years. The lumps that resemble herbal（草本的） cough drops are "full of it," containing numerous insect bodies, some of which are extremely well preserved, despite the fact that they have been there for 50 million years. Better yet: The petrified⁴（使石化，变僵硬） resin is also very easily convinced to release its contents again. "The amber has not been completely polymerized, allowing it to be dissolved easily," explains Rust. They have so far found more than 700 arthropods from 55 different genera – mostly insects, but also spiders, mites⁵, and plant parts.

The dirty brown lumps come from the coast of the NW India's Gujarat province. Their contents cast a new light on the history of the sub-continent, which is said to have "broken off" from the East African land mass 160 million years ago to float through the oceans in isolation⁶ – at the high speed of about 20 centimeters per year. And only about 50 million years ago, India collided with Asia in a crash that caused the land to fold up into the Himalayas.

If that were true, India would have been completely isolated⁷ for 100 million years. This time should have been sufficient to give rise to a unique flora⁸ and fauna⁹. The Indian amber was formed 53 million years ago. So it shows, similar to an old photo, what life looked like in India just before the collision with the Asian continent. This snapshot should then primarily show animal species that do not exist elsewhere.

Island-hopping before the big crash

But just that is not the case: Similar insect fossils as in Gujarat have also been found in Europe and even in Central America. "This indicates that there was a lively exchange of species before our amber formed," Rust thinks. There may have been long chains of volcanic¹⁰ islands on the border between the continental¹¹ plates – just like in Japan or Indonesia today. The insect species in India and Asia could have mingled¹² by "island-hopping" – and also many million years before the big crash. And from Asia, they would then have spread further.

But the amber itself also raises questions. While it happens rather frequently that plants or animals get stuck in tree resin and end up covered by it, they usually decay over time. "In our amber, however, some resin component¹³ seems to have preserved the insects," says Rust.

In addition, the resin obviously comes from the family of Dipterocarpaceae, which today has its main range in the Indo-Malayan region. Until now it was thought that this type of plant had its heyday¹⁴（全盛期） 25 million years ago. Jes Rust comments, "The Indian amber proves that extensive tropical forests of Dipterocarpaceae（龙脑香料） must already have existed there more than 50 million years ago. That is a big surprise."