牛津实用英语语法 195 时间从句中的一般过去时与过去完成时
文章来源: 文章作者: 发布时间:2007-03-14 07:01 字体: [ ]  进入论坛
(单词翻译:双击或拖选)

A when连接的从句

一个过去的动作紧接另一动作时:

He called her a liar1

他骂她撒谎。

She smacked2 his face

她打了他一个耳光。

可以用when把这两个一般过去时的句子连接起来。连接的条件是,从意思上可以明显看出后一动作跟随前一动作,二者并不是同时发生的:

When he called her a liar she smacked his face

他骂她撒谎时,她打了他一个耳光。

两个过去时这样用时,通常存在这样的概念:第一个动作导致第二个动作,而后者是紧接前者发生的:

When he opened the window the bird flew out

他一打开窗户鸟就飞出去了。

When the play ended the audience went home

剧结束后,观众就回家了。

When he died he was given a state funeral

他去世后,为他举行了国葬。

过去完成时用于when之后,是为了避免使用两个一般过去时可能给人造成两个动作同时发生的印象:

When he had shut the window we opened the door of the cage

他关了窗户之后,我们把笼门打开了。(我们等他关紧了窗户才打开笼门。)

When she had sung her song she sat down

她唱完歌之后坐了下来。(如写成 When she sang her song she satdown,可能造成她是坐着唱歌的印象。)

When he had seen all the pictures he said he was ready to leave

他看了所有的画之后说他要走了。(在他看完画之后……)试和下句相比较:

When he saw all the pictures he expressed amazement3 that one manshould have painted so many

他看见所有的画时,表示十分惊奇,一个人竟然画了这么多画。(他一看见画就这么说。)

过去完成时同样可以与as soon asthe momentimmediately连用。(关于as作为表示时间的连词的用法,参见第332节。)

B 过去完成时可以与tilluntilbefore连用,强调一个动作结束或预期将结束,但要注意在tilluntil+过去完成时+一般过去时结构中,表示一般过去时的动作可以位于表示过去完成时的动作之前,而在before+过去完成时+一般过去时结构中表示一般过去时的动作总是位于表示过去完成时的动作之前:

He refused to go till he had seen all the pictures

他在看完所有的画之后才同意走。

He did not wait till we had finished our meal

他没等到我们吃完饭就走了。

Before we had finished our meal he ordered us back to work

没等我们吃完饭,他就命令我们回去干活。

Before we had walked ten miles he complained of sore feet

我们还没走出十英里路,他就抱怨脚痛了。

也可以在表示时间的从句中和主句中都用过去完成时:

It was a very expensive townBefore we had been here a week we hadspent all our money

那是一个物价很贵的地方。我们到这儿还不到一星期,就花光了所有的钱。

C after之后一般用过去完成时态:

After the will had been read there were angry exclamations4

遗嘱宣读完之后,激起了一片愤怒的喊声。

D 194节中已经讲过,在过去某一时刻回顾更为过去的动作时,要用过去完成时。如果有两个这样的动作:He had beento school but he had learnt nothing thereso was now illiterate5(他上过学但什么也没学到,因此现在还是个文盲),而又想用时间连词把它们连接起来,就可以用when等连词连接两个过去完成时:

When he had been at school he had learnt nothingso he was now illiterate

他上学的时候什么也没学到,所以现在还是个文盲。

但更常见的情况是,这里时间从句中的动词用一般过去时:

When he was at school he had learnt nothing

(译文同上。)

类似的例句还有:

He had stayed in his fathers firm till his father diedThen he had startedhis own business and was now a very successful man

他在父亲的公司里一直呆到父亲去世。之后他便自己开业,其时已成为一个事业有成的商人。

E 表示认识、理解等的动词一般在时间从句中不用过去完成时,除非有时间修饰:

When she had known me for a year she invited me to tea

她认识了我一年之后,邀请我吃茶点。

When I knew the work of one department thoroughly6 I was moved to thenext department

在我完全熟悉了一个部门的工作之后,又被调到另一部门。相当于:

As soon as I knew

试与下句比较:

When I had learnt the work of one department I was moved

我学会一个部门的工作之后,就被调走了。

F 带有过去完成时的时间从句可以和条件时态连用,但这主要见于间接引语,例句见下。



点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 liar V1ixD     
n.说谎的人
参考例句:
  • I know you for a thief and a liar!我算认识你了,一个又偷又骗的家伙!
  • She was wrongly labelled a liar.她被错误地扣上说谎者的帽子。
2 smacked bb7869468e11f63a1506d730c1d2219e     
拍,打,掴( smack的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He smacked his lips but did not utter a word. 他吧嗒两下嘴,一声也不言语。
  • She smacked a child's bottom. 她打孩子的屁股。
3 amazement 7zlzBK     
n.惊奇,惊讶
参考例句:
  • All those around him looked at him with amazement.周围的人都对他投射出惊异的眼光。
  • He looked at me in blank amazement.他带着迷茫惊诧的神情望着我。
4 exclamations aea591b1607dd0b11f1dd659bad7d827     
n.呼喊( exclamation的名词复数 );感叹;感叹语;感叹词
参考例句:
  • The visitors broke into exclamations of wonder when they saw the magnificent Great Wall. 看到雄伟的长城,游客们惊叹不已。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • After the will has been read out, angry exclamations aroused. 遗嘱宣读完之后,激起一片愤怒的喊声。 来自辞典例句
5 illiterate Bc6z5     
adj.文盲的;无知的;n.文盲
参考例句:
  • There are still many illiterate people in our country.在我国还有许多文盲。
  • I was an illiterate in the old society,but now I can read.我这个旧社会的文盲,今天也认字了。
6 thoroughly sgmz0J     
adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地
参考例句:
  • The soil must be thoroughly turned over before planting.一定要先把土地深翻一遍再下种。
  • The soldiers have been thoroughly instructed in the care of their weapons.士兵们都系统地接受过保护武器的训练。
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