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A even if(=even though即便) 请比较下面两个例句: You must go tomorrow if you are ready. 如果你准备好了,明天你必须走。 You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready. 哪怕你没有准备好,明天你也得走。 B whether…or(=if…or是否) You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not. 无论你明天是否准备好了,你都必须走。 C unless+肯定动词(=if+否定动词除非) Unless you start at once you’ll be late.相当于: If you don’t start at once you’ll be late. 除非你立即动身,否则你就会迟到。 Unless you had a permit1 you couldn’t get a job.相当于: If you hadn’t a permit you couldn’t get a job. 除非你有执照,否则你就找不到工作。 注意下面两个例句间的区别: (a) Don’t call ′me if you need help. 如果你需要帮助的话,别打电话找我。 (b) Don’t call me unless you need help. 除非你需要帮助否则别打电话找我。 在例句(a)中,即使在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人也不愿意去帮助对方。在例句(b)中,在对方需要帮助的时候,说话人愿意帮助对方,但说话人不愿意对方在不要紧的时候打电话找自己。 unless+he’d/you’d like/prefer等通常可用来代替 if he/you wouldn’t like等: I’ll ask Tom,unless you’d prefer me to ask/unless you’d rather I asked Bill. 我去问汤姆,除非你宁愿叫我去问比尔。 D but for(=if it were not for/if it hadn’t been for不然) My father pays me fees2.But for that I wouldn’t be here. 我父亲给我一笔补贴费。不然我就不会在这里了。 The car broke down. But for that we would have been in time. 汽车出毛病了。要不是那个我们会及时赶到的。 E otherwise(=if this doesn’t happen/didn’t happen/hadn’t happened否则) We must be back before midnight; otherwise we’ll be locked out. 我们必须在午夜之前赶回去,否则我们就会被锁在门外。相当于: If we are not back by midnight we’ll be locked out. 如果我们不在午夜之前赶回去,我们就会被锁在门外。 Her father pays her fees;otherwise she wouldn’t be here. 她的费用是她的父亲付的,否则她就不会在这里。相当于: If her father didn’t pay her fees she wouldn’t be here. 要是她的父亲不付她的费用,她就不会在这里了。 I used my calculator3; otherwise I’d have taken longer. 我用了计算器,不然我花的时间就会更多。相当于: If I hadn’t used my calculator I’d have taken longer. 要是我没用计算器,我花的时间就会更多。 F 在日常英语中 or(+else)可以代替 otherwise: We must be early or(else) we won’t get a seat. 我们必须早去,否则就不会有座位了。 G 存在强烈的限制或约束的意思时,provided4(that)可以代替if。它主要用来表示允许: You can camp here provided you leave no mess. 你们如果保持整洁的话,可以在这里宿营。 H suppose/supposing…?(=what if…?假如) Suppose the plane is late?相当于: What if/What will happen if the plane is late? 假如飞机误点的话,将会出现什么情况? Suppose no one had been there?相当于: What if no one had been there? 假如没有人去过那里的话,会怎么样? suppose也可以引出建议: Suppose you ask him?/Why don’t you ask him? 假如你问一问他呢?/你为什么不问一问他呢? 点击收听单词发音
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