Passage 2 

Woodrow Wilson was referring to the liberal idea of the economic market when he said that the free enterprise system is the most efficient economic system. Maximum freedom means (5) maximum productiveness; our “openness” is to be the measure of our stability. Fascination¹ with this ideal has made Americans defy the “Old 
World” categories of settled possessiveness versus² unsettling deprivation³, the cupidity⁴ of retention (10) versus the cupidity of seizure⁵, a “status quo”defended or attacked. The United States, it was believed, had no status quo ante. Our only “station” was the turning of a stationary⁶ wheel, spinning faster and faster. We did not base our(15) system on property but opportunity---which meant we based it not on stability but on mobility⁷. The more things changed, that is, the more rapidly the wheel turned, the steadier we would be. The conventional picture of class politics is (20) composed of the Haves, who want a stability to keep what they have, and the Have-Nots, who want a touch of instability and change in which to scramble⁸ for the things they have not. But Americans imagined a condition in which spec-(25) ulators, self-makers, runners are always using the new opportunities given by our land. These economic leaders (front-runners) would thus he mainly agents of change. The nonstarters were 
considered the ones who wanted stability, a (30) strong referee⁹ to give them some position in the race, a regulative hand to calm manic speculation¹⁰; an authority that can call things to a halt, begin things again from compensatorily staggered “starting lines.”(35)? “Reform” in America has been sterile¹¹ because it can imagine no change except through the extension of this metaphor¹² of a race, wider inclusion of competitors, “a piece of the action,” as it were, for the disenfranchised. There is no (40) attempt to call off the race. Since our only stability is change, America seems not to honor the quiet work that achieves social interdependence and stability. There is, in our legends, no heroism¹³ of the office clerk, no stable industrial work (45) force of the people who actually make the system work. There is no pride in being an employee (Wilson asked for a return to the time when everyone was an employer). There has been no boasting about our social workers---they are (50) merely signs of the system’sailure, of opportunity denied or not taken, of things to be eliminated. We have no pride in our growing interdependence, in the fact that our system can erve others, that we are able to help those in (55) need; empty boasts from the past make us ashamed of our present achievements, make us try to forget or deny them, move away from them. There is no honor but in the Wonderland race we must all run, all trying to win, none (60) winning in the end (for there is no end). 

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to 
?(A) criticize the inflexibility¹⁴ of American economic mythology 
?(B) contrast “Old World” and “New World” economic ideologies 
?(C) challenge the integrity of traditional political leaders 
?(D) champion those Americans whom the author deems to be neglected 
?(E) suggest a substitute for the traditional metaphor of a race 

2. According to the passage, “Old World” values were based on 
?(A) ability 
?(B) property 
?(C) family connections 
?(D) guild¹⁶ hierarchies 
?(E) education 

3. In the context of the author’s discussion of regulating change, which of the following could be most probably regarded as a “strong referee” (line 30) in the United States? 
?(A) A school principal 
?(B) A political theorist 
?(C) A federal court judge 
?(D) A social worker 
?(E) A government inspector 

4. The author sets off the word “Reform” (line 35) with quotation¹⁷ marks in order to 
?(A) emphasize its departure from the concept of settled possessiveness 
?(B) show his support for a systematic¹⁸ program of change 
?(C) underscore the flexibility¹⁵ and even amorphousness of United States society. 
?(D) indicate that the term was one of Wilson’s favorites
?(E) assert that reform in the United States has not fundamental 
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably thinks that giving the disenfranchised 
?“a piece of the action ” (line 38) is 
?(A) a compassionate¹⁹, if misdirected, legislative measure? 
?(B) an example of Americans’ resistance to profound social change 
?(C) an innovative²⁰ program for genuine social reform 
?(D) a monument to the efforts of industrial reformers 
?(E) a surprisingly “Old World” remedy for social ills 

6. Which of the following metaphors²¹ could the author most appropriately use to summarize his own assessment of the American economic system (lines 35-60)? 
?(A) A windmill?
?(B) A waterfall 
?(C) A treadmill 
?(D) A gyroscope?
? (E) A bellows 

7. It can be inferred from the passage that Woodrow Wilson’s ideas about the economic market 
?(A) encouraged those who “make the system work”(lines 45-46) 
?(B) perpetuated²² traditional legends about America 
?(C) revealed the prejudices of a man born wealthy 
?(D) foreshadowed the stock market crash of 1929 
?(E) began a tradition of presidential proclamations on economics 
8. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions? 
?Ⅰ.What techniques have industrialists²³ used to manipulate a free market? 
?Ⅱ.In what ways are “ New World” and “ Old World”economic policies similar? 
?Ⅲ. Has economic policy in the United States tended to reward independent action? 
?(A) Ⅰonly?
? (B) Ⅱonly 
?(C) Ⅲ only 
?(D) Ⅰand Ⅱ only 
?(E) Ⅱand Ⅲ only 

9. Which of the following best expresses the author’s main point? 
?(A) Americans’ pride in their jobs continues to give them stamina²⁴ today.?
?(B) The absence of a status quo ante has undermined United States economic structure. 
?(C) The free enterprise system has been only a useless concept in the United States 
?(D) The myth of the American free enterprise system is seriously flawed. 
?(E) Fascination with the ideal of “openness” has made Americans a progressive people.