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80. Whether an individual saves too little or borrows too much depends on the purpose and extent of either activity. While appropriate and prudent1 in some circumstances, either can be irresponsible in excess. The evidence suggests that, on balance, people today tend to borrow irresponsibly and are on the brink2 of saving irresponsibly as well. Traditionally, saving is viewed as a virtue3, while borrowing is considered a vice4. However, just the opposite may be true under certain circumstances. Foregoing saving in favor of immediate5 spending may at times be well justified6. A serious hobbyist, for example, may be justified in foregoing saving to spend money on a hobby that provides great joy and fulfillment—whether or not it also generates income. A relatively7 expensive automobile8 is justifiable9 if the additional expense provides added safety for the owner and his family. And foregoing saving is appropriate, and often necessary, for "rainy day" medical emergencies or unanticipated periods of unemployment. Borrowing can also be prudent—if the loan is affordable10 and applied11 toward a sound long-term investment. Were saving and borrowing limited to these types of scenarios12, I would aver13 that people today save and borrow responsibly. However, the evidence suggests otherwise. Americans now purchase on credit far more expensive automobiles14, relative to income, than ever before—vehicles that are far more than what is needed for safe transportation. Excessive credit-card debt, another type of unjustifiable borrowing, is at record levels— and rising—among American households. Does the baby-boomers' current penchant15 for retirement16 investing compensate17 for these excesses? Probably not. This trend is fueled by unrealistic expectations of future returns; it may therefore, escalate18 to speculation19 and, at its height, widespread leveraging—i.e., borrowing. Such speculation is more suited to highly sophisticated investors20 who can well afford to lose their entire investment than to average Americans and their nest eggs. In conclusion, while people seem to be saving aggressively today, their investment choices and concomitant high spending and borrowing levels call into question the assertion that we are indeed a "nation of savers." 点击收听单词发音
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