61.       
　　A director of Beta Company suggests that Beta can improve its competitive position by hiring a significant number of former Alpha Company employees who have recently retired¹ or been laid off. The director's reasoning is that because Alpha manufactures some products similar to Beta's, former Alpha employees would be experienced and need little training, could provide valuable information about Alpha's successful methods, and would be particularly motivated to compete against Alpha. The director's argument is problematic in several respects.

      First of all, the argument presupposes that Alpha's methods are successful. This is not necessarily the case. To the contrary, the fact that Alpha has laid off 15 percent of its employees in every division and at every level suggests that Alpha's methods may have been unsuccessful and that downsizing was necessary for the company to minimize financial losses.

      Secondly², the director assumes that the former Alpha employees hired by Beta will be well-trained and valuable. During a typical lay-off, however, the best and most experienced employees are typically the last to be laid off. By following the director's advice, Beta would probably be hiring Alpha's least efficient and least experienced employees—that is, those who would be least valuable to Beta.

      Thirdly, the author assumes that Alpha and Beta are sufficiently³ similar so that former Alpha employees could provide special value for Beta. However, we are informed only that Beta manufactures "some products similar to Alpha's." It is possible that former Alpha employees have experience with only a small segment of Beta's product line, and thus have little inside information of any value to Beta.

      Finally, the claim that former Alpha employees would be motivated to compete against Alpha is partially⁴ unwarranted. While many of those who were laid off may be so motivated, those who retired early from Alpha probably departed on good terms with Alpha, and would in any event be unmotivated to reenter the work force.

      In conclusion, the argument fails to provide key facts needed to assess it. To better evaluate the director's suggestion, we would need more information about why Alpha reduced its work force, what type of workers left Alpha and under what circumstances, and how similar Alpha's range of products is to Beta's.
62.       
　　In this argument the author concludes that the new community fitness center should be equipped with the state-of-the-art exercise machines featured in Powerflex magazine. In support of this recommendation two reasons are offered: (1) Powerflex contains pictures of bodybuilders using such machines, and (2) Powerflex is a popular magazine, as evidenced by the fact that it frequently sells out at the local newsstand. This argument is questionable⁵ on two counts.

      First, a major implication of the argument is that the bodybuilders pictured using the machines in Powerflex magazine reached their state of fitness as a result of using these machines. The only evidence offered to support this contention⁶, however, is the pictures in the magazine. It is possible that the bodybuilders pictured use different equipment for their workouts and are merely posing with the machines for advertising⁷ purposes.

      Second, the author assumes that machines that are suitable for bodybuilding will also be suitable to help maximize the fitness levels of the town's residents. This assumption is highly questionable. Machines designed to increase muscle development are significantly different from those designed to increase cardiovascular fitness. Consequently, it is unlikely that the machines pictured in the magazine will be of much use to help maximize the fitness levels of the town's residents.

      In conclusion, this argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would have to show that the bodybuilders pictured using the exercise machines actually used the machines to reach their level of muscle development. Additionally, the author would have to show that the machines were suitable for increasing the fitness levels of the persons using them.