“Our total sales have increased this year by 20 percent since we added a pharmacy¹ section to our grocery store. Clearly, the customer’s main concern is the convenience afforded by one-stop shopping. The surest way to increase our profits over the next couple of years, therefore, is to add a clothing department along with an automotive supplies and repair shop. We should also plan to continue adding new departments and services, such as a restaurant and a garden shop, in subsequent years. Being the only store in the area that offers such a range of services will give us a competitive advantage over other local stores.”

46、The following appeared in a memorandum² from the directors of a security and safety consulting service.

“Our research indicates that over the past six years no incidents of employee theft have been reported within ten of the companies that have been our clients. In analyzing³ the security practices of these ten companies, we have further learned that each of them requires its employees to wear photo identification badges while at work. In t he future, therefore, we should recommend the use of such identification badges to all of our clients.”

47、The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a local newspaper.

“The owners of the Cumquat Café evidently made a good business decision in moving to a new location, as can be seen from the fact that the Café will soon celebrate its second anniversary there. Moreover, it appears that businesses are not likely to succeed at the old location: since the Café’s move, three different businesses — a tanning salon⁴, an antique emporium, and a pet –grooming shop — have occupied its former spot.”

52、The following editorial appeared in the Elm City paper.

“The construction last year of a shopping mall in downtown Oak City was a mistake. Since the mall has opened, a number of local businesses have closed, and the downtown area suffers from an acute parking shortage, and arrests for crime and vagrancy⁵ have increased in the nearby Oak City Park. Elm City should pay attention to the example of the Oak City mall and deny the application to build a shopping mall in Elm City.”

55、The following appeared in an Excelsior Company memorandum.

“The Excelsior Company plans to introduce its own brand of coffee. Since coffee is an expensive food item, and since there are already many established brands of coffee, the best way to gain customers for the Excelsior brand is to do what Superior, the leading coffee company, did when it introduced the newest brand in its line of coffees: conduct a temporary sales promotion⁶ that offers free samples, price reductions, and discount coupons⁷ for the new brand.”