44. “All companies should invest heavily in advertising¹ because high-quality advertising can sell almost any product or service.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

The speaker claims that high-quality ads can sell almost anything, and that companies should accordingly invest heavily in such advertising. I agree that the quality of an ad can in some instances play a pivotal role in a product’s success or failure in the marketplace. However, the speaker overgeneralizes, for advertising is far more critical in some businesses and for some products than for others.

Certain types of businesses benefit greatly from investing in high-quality advertising. Fledgling companies, for example, may require an extensive top-notch (adj. 拔尖的) advertising campaign to achieve the name recognition that older competitors already enjoy. Even established companies may need an expensive ad campaign when introducing new products or venturing into new markets. Companies selling products that are no utilitarian² value perhaps stand to gain the most from an extensive high-quality advertising effort. Consider, for example, the kinds of products that are marketed by means of the most extensive and expensive advertising: beer, cigarettes, soft drinks, and cosmetics³. None of these products has any utility. Their success depends on consumers’ fickle⁴ tastes, their emotions, and their subjective⁵ perceptions. Accordingly, influencing consumer attitudes through popular and appealing ads is about the only way to increase sales of such products.

In some industries, however, substantial investment in high-quality advertising simply does not make sense from a cost-effectiveness (节省成本的) viewpoint. Pharmaceutical⁶ companies, for example, might be better off limiting their advertising to specialized⁷ publications, and focus instead on other kinds of promotional programs, such as the distribution of free samples. And widespread, flashy advertising would probably have a limited effect on overall sales for companies such as Deere and Caterpillar⁸, whose name recognition and long-standing reputations for quality products are well established and whose customers are unlikely to be swayed by sensational⁹ ads.

In sum, the speaker overgeneralizes. Not all companies have an equal need to invest heavily in high-quality advertising. Companies with new products and products that have little utility stand to benefit (stand to gain: v.一定获利) most from expensive, high-quality advertising. But other companies, especially those whose customers are businesses (a commercial or sometimes an industrial enterprise; also: such enterprises *the business district*) rather than consumers, would be better off focusing on product quality and reputation, not on sensational advertising.