Passage 2
Archaeology¹ as a profession faces two major prob-
lems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry
sums are available for excavating² and even less is avail-
able for publishing the results and preserving the sites
(5) once excavated³. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless
objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal
excavation⁵, resulting in museum-quality pieces being
sold to the highest bidder⁶.
I would like to make an outrageous⁷ suggestion that
(10) would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and
reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose
that scientific archeological expeditions and govern-
mental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open
market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for
(15) the excavation and preservation⁸ of archaeological sites
and the publication of results. At the same time, they
would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market,
thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal
activities.
(20) You might object that professionals excavate⁴ to
acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient arti-
facts are part of our global cultural heritage, which
should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the
highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique
(25) artistic⁹ merit or scientific value. But, you might reply,
everything that comes our of the ground has scientific
value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be
correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scien-
tific value. Practically, you are wrong.
(30) I refer to the thousands of pottery¹⁰ vessels¹¹ and ancient
lamps that are essentially¹² duplicates of one another. In
one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently
uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs¹³ in
a single courtyard, Even precious royal seal impressions
(35) known as/melekh handles have been found in abun-
dance---more than 4,000 examples so far.
The basements of museums are simply not large
enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discov-
ered in the future. There is not enough money even to
(40) catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found
again and become as inaccessible¹⁴ as if they had never
been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer,
sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the
pieces stored in bulging¹⁵ museum basements. Prior to
(45) sale, each could be photographed and the list of the
purchasers could be maintained on the computer A
purchaser could even be required to agree to return the
piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.
It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging
(50) would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market.
But the demand for the clandestine¹⁶ product would be
substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked
pot when another was available whose provenance¹⁷ was
known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the
professional archaeologist who excavated it?
 
7. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose
(A)   an alternative to museum display of artifacts
(B)   a way to curb¹⁸ illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession
(C)   a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value
(D)  the governmental regulation of archaeological sites（B）
(E)   a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts
 
8. The author implies that all of the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT:
(A)   A market for such artifacts already exists.
(B)   Such artifacts seldom have scientific value.
(C)   There is likely to be a continuing supply of such artifacts.
(D)  Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifacts.（E）
(E)   Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collections.
 
9. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?
(A)   Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.
(B)   Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.
(C)   Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.
(D)  Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.（E）
(E)   Such artifacts’ often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.
 
10. The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus (lines 31-34) to emphasize which of the following points?
(A)   Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable, although more rare, than royal seal impressions.
(B)   Artifacts that are very similar to each other present cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.
(C)   Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and therefore could be sold, are available in large quantities.
(D)  Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing¹⁹ large quantities of salable²⁰ artifacts.（C）
(E)   Illegal sales of duplicate artifacts are wide-spread, particularly on the island of Cyprus.
 
11. The author’s argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation is
based on which of the following assumptions?
(A)   Prospective²¹ purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated²² artifacts.
(B)   The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.
(C)   Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.
(D)  Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only duplicate artifacts. （A）
(E)   Money gained from selling authenticated artifacts could be used to investigate and prosecute²³ illegal excavators.
 
12. The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption²⁴ of his proposal?
(A)   Museum officials will become unwilling²⁵ to store artifacts.
(B)   An oversupply²⁶ of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.
(C)   Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.
(D)  Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale. （C）
(E)   Counterfeiting²⁷ of artifacts will become more commonplace.

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