Passage 12
All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the
same complement¹ of genes³. How then can these cells
differentiate⁴ and form structures as different as roots,
stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a
(5) small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are
expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accom-
plished by a complex system of chemical messengers
that in plants include hormones⁶ and other regulatory
molecules⁷. Five major hormones have been identified:
(10) auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberel-
lin. Studies of plants have now identified a new class of
regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins.
Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant
hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific, that is,
(15) each has more than one effect on the growth and devel-
opment of plants. The five has so many simultaneous
effects that they are not very useful in artificially
controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance,
stimulates⁹ the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to
(20) grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits¹⁰ the
growth of lateral¹¹ shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to
develop a vascular¹² system, to form lateral roots, and to
produce ethylene.
The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant
(25) hormones is somewhat analogous¹³ to that of certain
hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the
hypothalamus in the brain stimulate⁸ the anterior¹⁴ lobe
of the pituitary gland¹⁵ to synthesize and release many
different hormones, one of which stimulates the release
(30) of hormones from the adrenal cortex. These hormones
have specific effects on target organs all over the body.
One hormone⁵ stimulates the thyroid gland, for
example, another the ovarian follicle cells, and so forth¹⁶.
In other words, there is a hierarchy¹⁷ of hormones.
(35) Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosac-
charins are fragments of the cell wall released by
enzymes¹⁸: different enzymes release different oligosac-
charins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant
hormones may actually function by activating¹⁹ the
(40) enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical
messengers from the cell wall.
 
67. According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are not useful in controlling the growth of crops because
(A)    it is not known exactly what functions the hormones perform
(B)    each hormone has various effects on plants
(C)    none of the hormones can function without the others
(D)    each hormone has different effects on different kinds of plants（B）
(E)     each hormone works on only a small subset of a cell’s genes at any particular time
 
68. The passage suggests that the place of hypothalamic hormones in the hormonal²⁰ hierarchies²¹ of animals is similar to the place of which of the following in plants?
(A)    Plant cell walls
(B)    The complement of genes in each plant cell
(C)    A subset of a plant cell’s gene² complement
(D)    The five major hormones（D）
(E)     The oligosaccharins
 
69. The passage suggests that which of the following is a function likely to be performed by an oligosaccharin?
(A)    To stimulate a particular plant cell to become part of a plant’s root system
(B)    To stimulate the walls of a particular cell to produce other oligosaccharins
(C)    To activate²² enzymes that release specific chemical messengers from plant cell walls
(D)    To duplicate the gene complement in a particular plant cell（A）
(E)     To produce multiple effects on a particular subsystem of plant cells
 
70. The author mentions specific effects that auxin has on plant development in order to illustrate²³ the
(A)    point that some of the effects of plant hormones can be harmful
(B)    way in which hormones are produced by plants
(C)    hierarchical nature of the functioning of plant hormones
(D)    differences among the best-known plant hormones（E）
(E)     concept of pleiotropy as it is exhibited by plant hormones
 
71. According to the passage, which of the following best describes a function performed by oligosaccharins?
(A)    Regulating the daily functioning of a plant’s cells
(B)    Interacting with one another to produce different chemicals
(C)    Releasing specific chemical messengers from a plant’s cell walls
(D)    Producing the hormones that cause plant cells to differentiate to perform different functions（E）
(E)     Influencing the development of a plant’s cells by controlling the expression of the cells’ genes
 
72. The passage suggests that, unlike the pleiotropic hormones, oligosaccharins could be used effectively to
(A)    trace the passage of chemicals through the walls of cells
(B)    pinpoint functions of other plant hormones
(C)    artificially control specific aspects of the development of crops
(D)    alter the complement of genes in the cells of plants（C）
(E)     alter the effects of the five major hormones on plant development

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