Passage 3
　　No very satisfactory account of the mechanismthat caused the formation of the ocean basins hasyet been given. The traditional view supposesthat the upper mantle¹ of the earth behaves as a（5）　liquid when it is subjected to small forces forlong periods and that differences in temperatureunder oceans and continents are sufficient toproduce convection in the mantle of the earthwith rising convection currents under the mid-（10） ocean ridges³ and sinking currents under the con-tinents. Theoretically， this convection wouldcarry the continental⁴ plates along as though theywere on a conveyor belt and would provide theforces needed to produce the split that occurs（15） along the ridge². This view may be correct： it hasthe advantage that the currents are driven bytemperature differences that themselves dependon the position of the continents. Such a back-coupling， in which the position of the moving（20） plate has an impact on the forces that move it，could produce complicated and varying motions.
　　On the other hand， the theory is implausiblebecause convection does not normally occuralong lines. and it certainly does not occur along（25） lines broken by frequent offsets⁵ or changes indirection， as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to seehow the theory applies to the plate between theMid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the IndianOcean. This plate is growing on both sides， and（30） since there is no intermediate trench⁶， the tworidges must be moving apart. It would be odd ifthe rising convection currents kept exact pacewith them. An alternative theory is that the sink-ing part of the plate， which is denser⁸ than the（35） hotter surrounding mantle， pulls the rest of theplate after it. Again it is difficult to see how thisapplies to the ridge in the South Atlantic， whereneither the African nor the American plate has asinking part.
　　（40）Another possibility is that the sinking platecools the neighboring mantle and produces con-vection currents that move the plates. This lasttheory is attractive because it gives some hope ofexplaining the enclosed seas， such as the Sea of（45） Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor，except that the floor is overlaid by several kilo-meters of sediment⁹. Their floors have probablybeen sinking for long periods. It seems possiblethat a sinking current of cooled mantle material（50） on the upper side of the plate might be the causeof such deep basins. The enclosed seas are animportant feature of the earth‘s surface， andseriously require explanation in because， addi-tion to the enclosed seas that are developing atpresent behind island arcs， there are a number of（55） older ones of possibly similar origin， such as theGulf of Mexico， the Black Sea， and perhaps theNorth Sea.

1. According to the traditional view of the origin of the　ocean basins， which of the following is sufficient to　move the continental plates？
　（A） Increases in sedimentation¹¹ on ocean floors
　（B） Spreading of ocean trenches¹²
　（C） Movement of mid-ocean ridges
　（D） Sinking of ocean basins　
　（E） Differences in temperature under oceans and　continents

2. It can be inferred from the passage that，of the follo-wing，the deepest sediments¹³ would be found in the
　（A） Indian Ocean
　（B） Black Sea
　（C） Mid-Atlantic
　（D） South Atlantic
　（E） Pacific

3. The author refers to a “conveyor belt ” in line 13 in　order to
　（A） illustrate¹⁴ the effects of convection in the mantle
　（B） show how temperature differences depend on　the positions of the continents
　（C） demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic　Ridge
　（D） describe the complicated motions made possible　by back-coupling
　（E） account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges

4. The author regards the traditional view of the origin　of the oceans with
　（A） slight apprehension¹⁵
　（B） absolute indifference¹⁶
　（C） indignant anger
　（D） complete disbelief
　（E） guarded skepticism

5. According to the passage， which of the following are　separated by a plate that is growing on both sides？
　（A） The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan
　（B） The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge
　（C） The Gulf¹⁰ of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge
　（D） The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean　Ridge　
　（E） The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan

6. Which of the following， if it could be demonstrated，would most support the traditional view of ocean　formation？
　（A） Convection usually occurs along lines.
　（B） The upper mantle behaves as a dense⁷ solid.
　（C） Sedimentation occurs at a constant rate.
　（D） Sinking plates cool the mantle.　
　（E） Island arcs surround enclosed seas.

7. According to the passage， the floor of the Black Sea　can best be compared to a
　（A） rapidly moving conveyor belt　
　（B） slowly settling foundation
　（C） rapidly expanding balloon
　（D） violently erupting volcano
　（E） slowly eroding¹⁷ mountain

8. Which of the following titles would best describe the　content of the passage？
　（A） A Description of the Oceans of the World
　（B） Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation
　（C） The Traditional View of the Oceans　
　（D） Convection and Ocean Currents　
　（E） Temperature Differences Among the Oceans of the World